Ancient CyprusAncient Cyprus

Consul / diplomat · Excavator · Collector · Dealer

Luigi Palma di Cesnola

Emmanuele Pietro Paolo Maria Luigi Palma di Cesnola

1832–1904 · Italy, United States

US consul at Larnaca who dug and bought across Cyprus in 1866-76, sold two collections to the Metropolitan Museum and, as its director, was sued for libel by Gaston Feuardent.

Luigi Palma di Cesnola

Biography

The Metropolitan Museum of Art decided to buy its first Cypriot collection in the last days of 1872, after the trustee William T. Blodgett visited an exhibition of the antiquities that Gaston Feuardent had organised in London2. They belonged to Luigi Palma di Cesnola, the United States consul at Larnaca, who sold the museum a second collection in 1876 and was its director from 1879 until his death2. Feuardent, who had charged the museum with tampering with its sculptures, later sued him for libel1,17.

Cesnola was born in 1832 at Rivarolo Canavese in Piedmont and joined the Piedmontese army as a volunteer at fifteen. He left it as a lieutenant in 1854 by "voluntary dismissal" and served in the Crimea as aide-de-camp to a general with the Anglo-Turkish forces1. He went to the United States in 18582 and in the Civil War was colonel of the Fourth New York Cavalry and spent months in Libby Prison before his release in 18641. Olivier Masson writes that he left the army as a colonel or brigadier-general, and that "general" was a title he claimed Lincoln had given him2; Marangou says it was a brevet of 18651. He became a United States citizen on 16 August 18651 and reached Larnaca in the last days of that year2.

Digging from Larnaca

The consulate paid $1,000 a year, and by October 1866 Cesnola was asking his friend and creditor Hiram Hitchcock in New York to find him a posting in a European capital1. Antiquities kept him at Larnaca. He began digging in 1866 at Dali, Alambra and Potamia, "in a mere amateur way" by his own account1. Nicholas Stanley-Price describes his method as buying casual finds and paying villagers to dig, and quotes his admission that the excavations were "perhaps not conducted in all their details according to the usual manner"18. A colossal head found at Golgoi, near Athienou, on 6 March 1870 made that site the centre of his work2.

An Ottoman decree of 1869 forbade the export of finds from excavations, coins excepted. Stanley-Price says Cesnola's mass exports challenged it directly, and that the American minister in Constantinople, George Henry Boker, obtained a firman for his digging and helped him export18. In 1871 the Ottoman authorities stopped excavation and export altogether1. Cesnola later told Hitchcock that, such was his influence with the Turks, he had been digging without showing the governor the firman he held1.

Two collections for New York

Cesnola sold or gave away a great deal before New York. Carl Friederichs bought for the Berlin museums in the autumn of 1869. An auction at the Hôtel Drouot in Paris on 25 and 26 March 1870, with a catalogue by W. Froehner, sent pieces to the Louvre, Marseille and the collector Louis De Clercq. Sotheby's sold more in London in January and May 1871; at the second sale Colonel Fox, later Pitt Rivers, bought nine votive figures labelled as from Golgoi, now in the Pitt Rivers Museum at Oxford (1884.56/91-99)2. Smaller lots, some of them gifts, went to Turin, Boston, Munich and Istanbul2.

About 6,000 items reached London in the autumn of 1872 and were received by the London branch of Rollin & Feuardent, whose young representative Gaston Feuardent put them on show1,2. John Taylor Johnston, the museum's president, advanced the money for the purchase, which became final in May 18741,2.

He returned to Larnaca in the autumn of 1873, with his brother Alessandro Palma di Cesnola as chief digger2. Until June 1876 he dug at Salamis, Amathus, Kourion and Soli and in the Karpas, and bought heavily from others1,2. By his own count the second collection held 7,160 objects1. The Metropolitan decided to buy it in November 1876, and Cesnola became its Secretary in May 18772. Anna Marangou writes that New York offered $60,000 for the whole collection together with the post1. In a letter of December 1876 Cesnola told Heinrich Schliemann that his entire discoveries were going to the New York museum, which had bought them for $66,000, exclusive of expenses1.

The Curium treasure

Cesnola presented his gold from Curium as a rival to Schliemann's finds, telling Hitchcock that it surpassed them "by a great deal"1. In Cyprus: Its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples (1877) he described four chambers beneath a mosaic pavement near the church of Agios Ermogenis, with a gold room, a silver room and armlets naming Eteandros, king of Paphos, and wrote of the gold room that "every object was discovered in my presence"1. Marangou concludes that no such chambers existed and that the objects were bought from local diggers across the island1.

The workmen's accounts differ from his and from each other. A deposition by his foreman Ioannis Koutsocheris before the Greek consul describes a tomb of four rooms opened in 1875 with Cesnola present1. The other foreman, Christofis Christodoulou, stated in an affidavit published in 1885 and addressed to Max Ohnefalsch-Richter that he had himself found the richest tomb, in the plain and not under the mosaic, with three chambers, and that Cesnola was absent for nearly all the work1. In the Cyprus Herald of 6 October 1883 Ohnefalsch-Richter had written that no honest man could any longer believe in the treasure1. The report that William James Stillman made to the American Numismatic and Archaeological Society on 28 March 1885 held that the treasure contained rare and important objects but that they came from tombs scattered around Kourion1. In 1971 T. B. Mitford wrote that "the suspicion persists" that Cesnola obtained it by "clandestine exploitation of some royal cemetery"4.

Feuardent against Cesnola

Cesnola was appointed the museum's director on 15 May 1879, after persuading the trustees that the post should be for life1. In August 1880 the Art Amateur printed Feuardent's article "Tampering with Antiquities", which charged that a small statuette of Elpis had been turned into an Aphrodite by carving a mirror into her left hand1. Cesnola called the charges "maliciously made and absolutely without foundation in fact" and asked the trustees to investigate. A committee under F. A. P. Barnard found "each and all of the charges" without foundation17. Feuardent's action for libel was entered in May 1881, claiming $5,000 on each of five causes17. Clarence Cook's pamphlet of 1882, published by Feuardent, argued that the statuary was largely unrelated fragments, repaired and painted1.

On Cesnola's petition, which said that Feuardent was an alien, the case went to the United States Circuit Court. It opened on 31 October 1883 before Judge Nathaniel Shipman, with Francis Bangs for Feuardent and Joseph H. Choate for Cesnola1,17. Cesnola testified for six days and agreed that he had "repaired" 1,200 to 1,300 stone pieces1. In an editorial that the Art Amateur reprinted, The Sun wrote that he had admitted that about a third of the statues had pieces stuck back on under a wash, and that he had since found several false noses17.

The two accounts of the verdict differ. Marangou writes that after 28 hours the jury returned a complete vindication, rejecting all of Feuardent's accusations as "maliciously made and totally without foundation"1. The Art Amateur, which had published Feuardent's article, reported that the jury found for Cesnola on two of the three counts put to it and disagreed on the third, whether Feuardent was owed damages for Cesnola's accusation that he had overcharged for cartage in London and, as his agent, had failed to make proper efforts to sell the collection; it added that the judge had left the archaeological questions out of his charge17. Stillman's report returned to those questions and found the collection impaired by "a deplorable recklessness of attribution as to the localities of discovery" and by coatings that hid the original surfaces of important pieces1.

Cesnola remained director until his death in November 19042. About 5,000 duplicates went to Leland Stanford in 1896, and in March and April 1928 the museum sold 965 lots of duplicates at the Anderson Galleries in New York, where the circus owner John Ringling was the most frequent buyer2. The large sculptures, the representative vases, the gold and silver and the inscriptions stayed in New York2.

Life and work

  1. 29 July 1832
    Born at Rivarolo Canavese, second of four sons of Count Luigi Maurizio Palma di Cesnola and Countess Eugenia Ricca di Castelvecchio

    Rivarolo CanaveseMarangou 2000, p. 147Marangou 2000, p. 367

  2. 9 September 1847
    Left school and joined the Fourth Infantry Regiment of the Piedmontese army as a volunteer aged fifteen; later Royal Military Academy at Cherasco

    PiedmontMarangou 2000, pp. 147-148

  3. October 1854
    Promoted lieutenant in September 1854, then within a month allowed to accept 'voluntary dismissal' after an episode whose details Marangou says remain obscure; went on to serve as aide-de-camp to General Ansaldi with the Anglo-Turkish forces in the Crimean War

    PiedmontMarangou 2000, p. 148

  4. c. 1858
    Emigrated to New York; Marangou thinks 1858 more likely than the 1860 he gave

    New YorkMarangou 2000, p. 149Masson 1996

  5. 11 June 1861
    Married Mary Jennings Reid

    New YorkMarangou 2000, p. 151

  6. 1862
    Commissioned colonel of the Fourth New York Cavalry; taken prisoner and held at Libby Prison, Richmond, in 1863; released 1864

    United StatesMarangou 2000, p. 152Marangou 2000, p. 367

  7. 16 August 1865
    Naturalised as a United States citizen in the Superior Court of the City of New York (occupation given as 'soldier')

    New YorkMarangou 2000, pp. 154-155

  8. 1865
    Appointed US Consul in Cyprus (notified by State Department despatch of 8 May 1865, per his reply of 13 August 1865; supported by senators Morgan and Harris)

    WashingtonMarangou 2000, pp. 154-155

  9. 27 December 1865
    Arrived at Larnaca (Marangou's narrative says Christmas Day; her chronology says 24 December) and took over the consulate, entering on duty on 27 December

    LarnacaMarangou 2000, pp. 157-158Marangou 2000, p. 367

  10. 1866
    First excavations at Dali, Alambra and Potamia, begun, in his words, 'in a mere amateur way'

    DaliMarangou 2000, p. 164Marangou 2000, p. 367

  11. 1867
    Hiram and Mary Hitchcock visited Cyprus; Cesnola then went to Italy after his mother's death

    Cyprus; RivaroloMarangou 2000, p. 167

  12. 15 August 1868
    First report to the State Department on antiquities found in the island

    LarnacaMarangou 2000, p. 168Marangou 2000, p. 367

  13. November 1868
    Wrote to Hitchcock that he had arranged for New York missionaries at Beirut to print a catalogue of his small collection for travellers; a brochure 'Catalogue of Collection of General Cesnola For Sale to suit Amateurs, Cyprus, 1869' is also reported (Masson has seen neither)

    LarnacaMasson 1996

  14. 1868
    Gift of Cypriot pottery to the newly founded American University of Beirut (Karageorghis's communication to Masson, citing Wolley's 1921 museum guide; confirmed by the museum curator)

    BeirutMasson 1996

  15. 1869–1870
    Excavated at Kouklia (Palaipaphos) in 1869, returning in 1870 with Carl Friederichs of the Berlin Museums; later claimed to have bought the temple area

    KoukliaMarangou 2000, p. 248

  16. 1869
    Before 1870 he also sent a lot to Rollin et Feuardent in Paris, made a first gift to Turin, and made proposals to London and Berlin; he hoped to sell his 'Phoenician Museum' to the New York Historical Society (Masson: 'il semble')

    ParisMasson 1996

  17. October–December 1869
    Carl Friederichs, sent to Cyprus for the Berlin museums with the help of George Bancroft, bought stone objects, bronzes, terracottas, engraved gems and glass for Berlin in autumn 1869; Masson says part of the same purchase, a selection of vases, terracottas and limestone statuettes procured by 'C. Friederichs, Berlin', went to the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

    LarnacaMasson 1996

  18. 6 March 1870
    Discovery of the colossal head at Agios Photios (Golgoi/Athienou) and excavation there

    AthienouMarangou 2000, p. 367Marangou 2000, p. 216

  19. 25 March 1870 – 26 March 1870
    Sale of Cypriot antiquities at Paris, catalogue preface by Froehner; Louvre, Autun, Saint-Germain, Marseilles, Orleans and private collectors (including Louis de Clercq) bought

    ParisMarangou 2000, pp. 186-187

  20. 1870
    Offered the collection to the Hermitage (letters to Gedeonov from 2 January 1870; Johannes Doell catalogued it in Larnaca from June); Russia declined to buy en bloc

    LarnacaMarangou 2000, pp. 191-198

  21. 25 March 1870 – 26 March 1870
    Hotel Drouot sale, catalogue by Froehner ('Antiquités chypriotes provenant de fouilles faites en 1868 par M. Cesnola', expert H. Hoffmann). Buyers: Louvre (inventory N 3519-3532, including an inscribed base from Salamis, a few sculptures, small terracottas), Saint-Germain-en-Laye (nos 15132-15169, bought by Alexandre Bertrand), about forty pieces for Marseille (Musee Borely), single pieces in Autun and Orleans, Louis De Clercq and dealers. A second Paris sale planned for 1871 was prevented by the war

    ParisMasson 1996

  22. June 1870
    A lot of antiquities reached Turin after the Golgoi finds and was given to the Academy of Sciences (Accademia delle Scienze), then passed to the Museo di Antichita; published by F. G. Lo Porto in 1986. (A smaller lot was given in 1877 by his brother Alessandro, not by Luigi.)

    TurinMasson 1996

  23. June–December 1870
    Hermitage negotiation: Johannes Doell, sent by the Hermitage, catalogued the collection at Larnaca in summer 1870 (Die Sammlung Cesnola); Marangou says Cesnola told him he valued it at 270,000-400,000 francs and settled on 300,000. Masson says the talks ended negatively by the end of 1870. No sale to Russia took place

    LarnacaMarangou 2000, p. 195Masson 1996

  24. 9 January 1871
    First Sotheby's sale of Cesnola antiquities in London; second sale 1 May 1871

    LondonMarangou 2000, pp. 187-188

  25. 1871
    Ottoman authorities banned further excavation and export; Cesnola, in his own account, asked for a warship to remove his collection and the State Department agreed to send one

    CyprusMarangou 2000, pp. 204-208

  26. 9 January 1871 – 10 January 1871
    First Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge sale, 13 Wellington Street, Strand: 'Catalogue of a very interesting collection of early Greek antiquities ... discovered in the Island of Cyprus ... by General de Cesnola', with another property 'formed by an amateur'

    LondonMasson 1996

  27. 1 May 1871
    Second Sotheby sale ('Catalogue of some most select antiquities ...'). Named buyers include W. Loftie, Lord Ranelagh, General Fox (numismatist), Colonel Fox (Pitt Rivers), Feuardent and Hoffmann. Pitt Rivers bought lot 142 (nine Golgoi ex-votos, now Pitt Rivers Museum 1884.56/91-99) and lot 48 (vase with bull, man and bird, 1884.38/2803); the British Museum bought through Rollin and Feuardent a small lot, 1871.7-8,1-6; 'Hall Esq.' bought lot 47 (BM 1928.1-17.25 from Mrs W. E. Hall); Feuardent bought lot 31 (amphora with a human face, now Saint-Germain 22.231 after Rollin and Feuardent, 1874)

    LondonMasson 1996

  28. c. 1871
    Gift of a larger series to Hiram Hitchcock ('probably 1871', Masson); after Mrs Hitchcock's bequest to Dartmouth College the objects remained at Hanover. Smaller gifts: vases to the Rev. Joseph Owens (now National Museum, Edinburgh)

    Hanover, NHMasson 1996

  29. 1871–1872
    Gifts or sales named by J. T. Johnston (1878) and traced by Masson: Istanbul (large conciliatory gifts to the Ottoman museum), the Archaeological Society of Athens (vases, now National Museum Athens, e.g. NM 76), Munich (about 90 pieces, Brunn's March 1876 inventory 2029-2120), Perugia (Late Bronze Age vases and a Temple boy), the South Kensington Museum, the Smithsonian (no trace found by Masson), Fitzwilliam (glass, GR.1.1876 series)

    Masson 1996

  30. September–December 1872
    Exhibited the first collection at 61 Great Russell Street, London, through Rollin & Feuardent; visited by J. S. Morgan and W. T. Blodgett of the Metropolitan Museum's circle in September; Newton reviewed it in The Academy

    LondonMarangou 2000, pp. 229-231

  31. December 1872
    Decision that the first collection be bought for the new Metropolitan Museum (the British Museum had offered 10,000 pounds for the Golgoi sculptures and inscriptions, refused because Cesnola insisted on selling en bloc; John Taylor Johnston offered 60,000 dollars, which he advanced personally); shipped in 275 chests and exhibited at the Douglas Mansion in 1873

    London; New YorkMarangou 2000, p. 227Marangou 2000, p. 233Marangou 2000, pp. 237-242

  32. May 1872
    Boston Museum of Fine Arts acquired and registered a series of Cypriot objects from Cesnola in May 1872: vases 72.1-133, terracottas 72.134-203 and further series, later published in part (vases, bronzes, sculptures)

    BostonMasson 1996

  33. December 1872
    Decision of the Metropolitan Museum to buy the first collection (Masson: end of 1872, Blodgett's visit decisive). John Taylor Johnston advanced the funds; Marangou: Johnston offered $60,000. Purchase became definitive only in May 1874, the origin of the '74' in accession numbers. Marangou quotes the museum's report that the collection was 'purchased by the President and deposited ... as a loan'

    New YorkMasson 1996Marangou 2000

  34. January–August 1873
    In New York arranging the collection; arranged for brother Alessandro to be appointed US consular agent at Paphos (approved within two days); obtained a memorandum that his future finds would belong to the museum, with up to 5,000 dollars a year for digging; sailed back to Cyprus with his family

    New YorkMarangou 2000, pp. 239-241

  35. 7 March 1873
    Began unpacking and arranging the collection at the Douglas Mansion, New York; before returning to Cyprus obtained a memorandum that all his future discoveries would belong to the Museum, with up to $5,000 a year for digs and expenses (his salary to depend on the value of the finds, set by the Museum)

    New YorkMarangou 2000, pp. 240-241

  36. 1874
    After the 1873 financial crisis suspended the museum contract, dug simultaneously at Salamis, Amathus, Kourion, Soli and in the Karpas, buying heavily from others as well

    CyprusMarangou 2000, p. 246Marangou 2000, p. 367

  37. 17 September 1874
    By his own account discovered 'the city of Curium' (Kourion) and the temple of Apollo Hylates

    KourionMarangou 2000, p. 257

  38. 1875
    Amathus: great sarcophagus found early in the year; Ruskin paid for further digging; 143 boxes sent to New York on the 'Madagascar' in March; 'Treasure of Curium' announced from summer

    Amathus; KourionMarangou 2000, pp. 250-256Marangou 2000, p. 261

  39. c. 1875
    Gifts to John Ruskin in thanks for 1,000 pounds he gave about 1874: a cup from Amathus (1875; BM WA Dept 123053, reached the British Museum 1931) and a shield from the same place (BM 1972); sculptures and heads later given by R. G. Collingwood to the Ashmolean (1933 or 1938, Masson gives both)

    Masson 1996

  40. 1875–1904
    NamedMitford (1971, 3-4) writes that 'the suspicion persists' that Cesnola acquired the Kourion treasure through 'a long and (it may be) clandestine exploitation of some royal cemetery, very probably at Kourion but possibly at Old Paphos', and that Cesnola 'was at some pains to provide this treasure with ... a good home'. Mitford's suspicion as stated, attributed to him; not a finding.

    Mitford 1971, pp. 3-4

  41. November 1876
    After offering the second collection (7,161 items; Curium finds) to the Metropolitan, the British Museum (10,000 pounds offered, three days to accept) and the Louvre, sold it to the Metropolitan for 60,000 dollars, with the post of Secretary

    London; New YorkMarangou 2000, pp. 273-281

  42. 1876
    Left Cyprus in autumn 1876; learned in London that the consulate had been abolished

    Larnaca; LondonMarangou 2000, p. 277Marangou 2000, p. 367

  43. July–September 1876
    British Museum purchase direct from Cesnola through Samuel Birch: BM 1876.9-9,1-127 (over eighty vases of various periods, some terracottas, miscellaneous); Cesnola's letters to Birch of July-August 1876 speak of a 'collection of vases'; the Trustees paid 300 pounds, split into tranches of 213 and 87 pounds

    LondonMasson 1996

  44. July–November 1876
    Second collection offered (Marangou: 7,160/7,161 objects, 2 years' digging, 9,000 pounds expenses): first at 15,000 pounds, then the whole at 20,000 pounds (Curium collection 12,000, the rest with three sarcophagi 8,000). The British Museum Trustees authorised up to 10,000 pounds for the Curium group; the Metropolitan telegram offered $60,000 gold half in cash plus arranging the collection in the Park museum, which Marangou says Cesnola first rejected; he then accepted $60,000 and the Secretary's post

    LondonMarangou 2000, pp. 274-281

  45. November 1876
    Purchase of the second collection by the Metropolitan. The Curium finds (except the gold) went from London to New York on the 'Danemark'; the British Museum restored the Curium bronzes for about $1,000 before they left. The two collections were registered together as 'The Cesnola Collection, purchased by subscription, 1874-1876', 74.51.0001 to 74.51.6714 (plus a small group 74.57.)

    New YorkMasson 1996Marangou 2000, p. 281

  46. 1877
    Cyprus: Its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples published by John Murray, London (New York edition 1878, German edition 1879); the family left London for New York on 26 April 1877

    LondonMarangou 2000, pp. 276-277Marangou 2000, p. 283Marangou 2000, p. 367

  47. 15 May 1879
    Appointed first Director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, for life on his terms

    New YorkMarangou 2000, p. 292Marangou 2000, p. 367

  48. 30 March 1880
    Opening of the new Museum building in Central Park with the Cesnola Collection as its focal point

    New YorkMarangou 2000, p. 293Marangou 2000, p. 367

  49. August 1880
    Feuardent's article 'Tampering with Antiquities' in the Art Amateur opened the public dispute over restorations in the Cesnola Collection

    New YorkMarangou 2000, p. 304

  50. 1880–1882
    AccusedFeuardent (Art Amateur, August 1880, and New York Times letters) charged that statues in the Cesnola Collection had been altered, composed of unrelated fragments and misattributed (the case starting with a small statuette of Elpis turned into an Aphrodite); Clarence Cook's pamphlet 'Transformations and Migrations of certain statues of the Cesnola Collection' (1882) repeated and extended this. A museum committee under F. A. P. Barnard reported for Cesnola in 1881; the Trustees resolved on 21 February 1881 that the charges were false; his assistant A. D. Savage resigned in 1882 when he refused to reveal restorations and gave the New York Times a list of sixteen restorations, most of them plastic noses. These are the charges as Marangou reports them, with the Trustees' response.

    Marangou 2000, pp. 304-315Marangou 2000, p. 311Marangou 2000, p. 324

  51. December 1883 – February 1884
    Libel action Feuardent v. Cesnola tried before Judge Nathaniel Shipman; the jury found for Cesnola

    New YorkMarangou 2000, pp. 323-328

  52. 1883–1884
    Civil suitLibel action brought by the dealer Gaston Feuardent, served on Cesnola in 1881 and tried at New York before Judge Nathaniel Shipman over nine and a half weeks from late 1883 into 1884 (Cesnola defended by the museum's lawyers headed by Joseph H. Choate; Feuardent's counsel Francis Bangs). The jury, after a day and night of deliberation, returned a verdict for Cesnola: Marangou writes that it rejected Feuardent's accusations 'as being maliciously made and totally without foundation', and the suit ended. This is a jury verdict, not a finding of fact about the objects.

    Marangou 2000, pp. 323-328

  53. 1883–1885
    AccusedMax Ohnefalsch-Richter's article in the Cyprus Herald of 6 October 1883 called the 'Treasure of Curium' and the Golgoi temple inventions; Cesnola instructed George Menardos to find a lawyer for a libel action in Cyprus (the lawyer Collyre took it on); Marangou does not report an outcome. In 1885 William J. Stillman's report to the American Numismatic and Archaeological Society (28 March 1885) found the collection of real value but criticised 'recklessness of attribution', concealed repairs and, for the Curium Treasure, concluded the objects came from tombs scattered round Kourion and not from the 'treasure chambers' of Cesnola's narrative; Marangou calls it a vindication of Feuardent. A society report, not a court ruling.

    Marangou 2000, pp. 335-340Marangou 2000, p. 328

  54. 1896
    Met sold Leland Stanford 'about 5,000 duplicates of the Cesnola Collection' (Cesnola still director); they went to the Stanford University Museum and many were destroyed or damaged in the 1906 earthquake

    New YorkMasson 1996

  55. 18 November 1904
    Died in New York after falling ill at a veterans' dinner

    New YorkMarangou 2000, pp. 345-346Marangou 2000, p. 367

  56. 1911
    Exchange of duplicates between the Metropolitan and the Ashmolean Museum: vases

    New YorkMasson 1996

  57. 1914
    Myres, Handbook of the Cesnola Collection of Antiquities from Cyprus (New York): numbered 1-5985, a guide not a catalogue (Masson: 'hypercritical' on findspots; Atlas I-III 1885-1903 is the other record). Not the same as the accession numbers 74.51.0001-6714

    New YorkMasson 1996King 1916, pp. 66-68

  58. 1925–1927
    Private sales of Cesnola duplicates by the Metropolitan in 1925, 1926 and 1927 (detail in the museum archive); the Nicholson Museum, Sydney, bought 23 Cypriot objects (glass, sculpture, vases, terracottas) in 1927 for $342, charged $290.70 (about 60 pounds) after a 15% public-institution discount, after an exchange with Gisela Richter; Nicholson accessioned them as NM48.270-278 and others

    New YorkMasson 1996Barker & Merrillees 2017, pp. 51-71

  59. 30 March 1928 – April 1928
    Anderson Galleries sale no. 2253, 'Cypriote & Classical Antiquities: Duplicates of the Cesnola & other collections', sold by order of the Trustees of the Metropolitan Museum (president R. W. de Forest); two catalogues, 965 lots in all. De Forest's letter says the Trustees preferred to disperse stored duplicates rather than give them to other museums. Masson's annotated copy shows John Ringling as the most frequent buyer (13 Temple boys, Pyla statuettes ex R. H. Lang, many vases) and F. W. Collins (five Temple boys, to Roanoke)

    New YorkGalleries 1928Masson 1996

Through their hands

232 records

Came from

Own excavations×182
Sources not named1870 ×14
Les paysans1870 ×2
Sellers not named1876 ×6
Native diggers×2
Antique dealers
Dealers and tomb robers
His foreman
Local tomb-looters

and 5 more in the ledger

Luigi Palma di Cesnola

Went to

1868Archaeological Museum at the American University of Beirut
1868Hamilton Fish
1868Napoléon Antoine Aimé Péretié
1868Smithsonian Institute at Washington
1869Antikensammlung
1869Berlin Museum
1869Karl (Carl) Friederichs
1870 ×2C. Rollin
1870 ×2Felix-Bienaime Feuardent

and 95 more in the ledger

SaleGift or bequestLoan or consignmentPassed onWho objects came from and went to, as the sources record it
  1. 1865–1875

    RivalryR.H. Lang and Palma Luigi di Cesnola competed fiercely in the trade in antiquities.

    Rival of Robert Hamilton LangCyprusCesnola 1878, p. 82Panteli 1995, p. 26

  2. 1865–1875

    RivalryT.B. Sandwith and Palma Luigi di Cesnola competed fiercely in the trade in antiquities.

    Rival of Thomas Backhouse SandwithCyprusPanteli 1995, p. 26

  3. 1865–1875

    RivalryG. Collona-Ceccaldi and Palma Luigi di Cesnola competed fiercely in the trade in antiquities.

    Rival of Georges Colonna CeccaldiCyprusPanteli 1995, p. 26

  4. 1867–1871

    SaleCesnola said he sold 2,700 pieces at auction between 1867 and 1871 for about 14,000.

    about 14.000Marangou 2000, p. 183

  5. 1868–1869

    TransferCesnola said he ceded two inscribed vases from tombs at Citium to Péretié in 1868 or 1869.

    Passed objects to Napoléon Antoine Aimé Péretié2 vases en terre cuite jaunâtreCassimatis 2001, p. 220Masson 1989, p. 42Tatton-Brown 2001, p. 220

  6. 1868

    GiftCesnola gave antiquities to the Smithsonian Institute at Washington in 1868.

    Gave to Smithsonian Institute at Washingtontwo boxes of Phoenician and Greek antiquitiesNo. accession 2258Cesnola 1878, p. 454Marangou 2000, p. 209Masson 1996, p. 27

  7. 1868

    SaleCesnola offered his 1,600-piece “Phoenician Museum” to Hamilton Fish for $15,000.

    Sold to Hamilton Fish“Phoenician Museum”, 1600 pieces$15,000Hermary & Mertens 2014, p. 13Marangou 2000, p. 174

  8. 1868

    GiftLuigi Palma di Cesnola gifted a nucleus of objects to the Archaeological Museum at the American University of Beirut.

    Gave to Archaeological Museum at the American University of BeirutThe A. G. Leventis… 2009, p. 45Masson 1996, p. 25

  9. 1868

    OfferpossiblyAccording to his biographer, a sale was reportedly arranged in 1868 through a catalogue of Cesnola’s small collection.

    small collection of antiquitiesBeyrouthMasson 1996, p. 4

  10. 1869

    SaleLuigi Palma di Cesnola sold 180 objects to the Berlin museums in Larnaka through Carl Friederichs.

    Sold to Berlin Museum180 ObjekteCesnola 1878, p. 454Hermary 1990, p. 20Marangou 2000, p. 118Recke 2012, p. 91

  11. 1869

    SaleCarl Friederichs met Cesnola in Cyprus and bought 180 objects from him for his museum.

    Sold to Karl (Carl) Friederichs180 oggetti, compreso un lotto di terrecotteCiproPaolo 2010, p. 80Maier 1997, p. 129Marangou 2000, p. 177Masson 1990, p. 40

  12. 1869

    HelpBancroft helped Cesnola obtain the Berlin museum’s dispatch of Friederichs to Cyprus.

    Helped by George BancroftChypreMasson 1996, p. 4

Show 220 more
  1. 1869

    TransferThe Antikensammlung acquired the spouted jug from Luigi Palma di Cesnola.

    Passed objects to AntikensammlungSpouted jug, cat. no. 37No. V 1112Bernhard-Walcher et al. 1999, p. 108

  2. 1870–1876

    SaleCesnola agreed to sell his collection to the Metropolitan Museum for £1,200.

    Sold to Metropolitan Museum of Art£1,200New YorkBarker & Merrillees 2017, p. 51Belloni 1995, p. 66Bonato 2012, p. 50Cannavò 2012, p. 429

  3. 1870–1876

    TransferThe dedication arrived at the Metropolitan Museum with most of the objects from the Cesnola collection.

    Passed objects to New York Metropolitan Museum of Artdedication to Apollo AmphidexiosNo. ICS 325New YorkBarlow et al. 1991, p. 1Buitron-Oliver 1997, p. 29Caubet 1993, p. 31Caubet 2012, p. 150

  4. 1870–1873

    GiftA crate containing Phoenician skulls sent by Luigi Palma di Cesnola arrived, and the Academy made him an honorary member in consideration of the gift.

    Gave to Royal Academy of MedicineTurinBombardieri & Cannavò 2016, p. 38Bombardieri & Cannavò 2016, p. 46Bombardieri & Cannavò 2016, p. 40

  5. 1870

    GiftLuigi Palma di Cesnola donated a small collection of antiquities to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Turin.

    Gave to Academy of Sciences of TurinBombardieri & Cannavò 2016, p. 40Bombardieri & Panero 2021, p. 1Hermary & Mertens 2014, p. 13Soldi 2025, p. 98

  6. 1870

    SaleLuigi Palma di Cesnola's collection sale supplied the museum with more than eighty Cypriot objects.

    Sold to Musée d'Archéologie nationaleUn peu plus de quatre-vingts objets archéologiques provenant de ChypreNo. 13132a et b, puis 15132 à 15169ParisBoucher 2012, p. 164

  7. 1870

    SaleHenri Léman bought objects at the Cesnola sale, as indicated by Alexandre Bertrand's catalogue annotations.

    Sold to Henri LémanParisBoucher 2012, p. 165

  8. 1870

    SaleThe Louvre acquired objects at Cesnola's Paris sale.

    Sold to Louvreobjets de ses collectionsCassimatis 2001, p. 217Caubet 2012, p. 150Bombardieri & Panero 2021, p. 22Hardy 2014, p. 461

  9. 1870

    SaleGedeonov was authorized to purchase nine objects from Cesnola for the Hermitage.

    Sold to Hermitage Museumthree painted vases, two heads, two limestone statues and two terracotta idols6.000 francs ($1.200)Karageorghis 1998, p. 119Karageorghis & Bukina 2005, p. 93Marangou 2000, p. 191

  10. 1870

    TransferCesnola sent an album of photographs from Cyprus to Count Sclopis di Salerano.

    Passed objects to Federico Sclopis di Saleranoalbum containing photographs of objects found at GolgoiTurinMarangou 2000, p. 96

  11. 1870

    ConsignmentCesnola reported sending his first Paris shipment to Rollin and Feuardent.

    Consigned to Felix-Bienaime Feuardentat least 30 similar terracotta heads and 20 superior onesMasson 1990, p. 37

  12. 1870

    ConsignmentCesnola reported sending his first Paris shipment to Rollin and Feuardent.

    Consigned to C. Rollinat least 30 similar terracotta heads and 20 superior onesMasson 1990, p. 37

  13. 1870

    SaleCesnola reported that Feuardent paid him 800 francs in Italian paper money for the shipment.

    Sold to Felix-Bienaime Feuardenthis first Paris shipment, including terracotta heads800 fr. en papier monnaie d'ItalieParisMasson 1990, p. 38Masson 1990, p. 39

  14. 1870–1871

    AuctionParts of Cesnola’s collection were offered at public auctions in Paris and London.

    part of Cesnola’s collectionParis; LondonCaubet 1993, p. 31

  15. 1870

    SaleNinety-two limestone works were sold in Paris, including 48 heads found at Dali.

    With buyers at the Paris sale92 limestone works, including 48 heads found at DaliHermary & Mertens 2014, p. 13

  16. 1870

    AcquisitionL. Palma di Cosenola obtained a Greek inscription at Melousha.

    Inscription grecqueKarageorghis 1962, p. 350

  17. 1870

    AuctionCesnola's antiquities were sold at public auction in Paris on 25 and 26 March 1870.

    With unnamed auction buyersCypriot antiquities from excavations made in 1868Marangou 2000, p. 186Marangou 2000, p. 367Masson 1990, p. 42Merrillees 2010, p. 36

  18. 1870

    CollectionCesnola said his collection contained over 12,000 pieces.

    over 12.000 pieces, including statues, gold ornaments, lamps, glasses, vases, coins, bronzes and inscriptionsLarnacaMarangou 2000, p. 195

  19. 1870

    AcquisitionCesnola recovered objects held by the peasants at Athienou-Golgoi using a stratagem.

    With les paysansa number of objects held by peasantsMasson 1994, p. 8

  20. 1870

    AuctionCesnola’s antiquities were sold at public auction in Paris.

    With unnamed buyersCypriot antiquities from excavations made in 1868Hôtel Drouot, ParisMasson 1996, p. 5Stylianou-Lambert & Bounia 2016, p. 74Tatton-Brown 2001, p. 6

  21. 1870

    AuctionAntiquities from Cesnola’s collection were sold at auction in 1870.

    With auction buyersMerrillees 2010, p. 117

  22. 1870

    ExportThe text reports that Cesnola took some 35,500 objects from Cyprus in the 1870s.

    Lightfoot 2017, p. 11

  23. 1870

    AuctionLuigi Palma di Cesnola auctioned large parts of his collection in Paris and London and also sold directly to museums and collections.

    umfangreiche Bestände seiner rund 35.000 Objekte umfassenden SammlungParis und LondonRecke 2012, p. 91

  24. 1871–1876

    SaleCesnola sold a substantial series of antiquities directly to the British Museum through Birch.

    Sold to British Museummore than eighty vases, terracottas and other objectsNo. 1876.9-9, 1 à 127300 livresLondonChristofi 2024, p. 116Cook 1979, p. 4Bombardieri & Panero 2021, p. 22Hardy 2014, p. 461

  25. 1871

    SaleGeneral Pitt-Rivers acquired a face bead at the Cesnola sale in London.

    Sold to Augustus Henry Lane Fox Pitt RiversChristofi 2024, p. 116Lightfoot 2017, p. 310

  26. 1871–1872

    GiftCesnola gave fifty-nine lamps to Hiram Hitchcock.

    Gave to Hiram HitchcockLightfoot 2021, p. 13Marangou 2000, p. 79Masson 1996, p. 13Lightfoot 2017, p. 15

  27. 1871–1876

    TransferLuigi Palma di Cesnola transferred the bowl to The British Museum.

    Passed objects to The British Museumhemispherical bowl resting on three small feetNo. 1876,0909.35Lund 2015, p. 265Lund 2015, p. 266Lightfoot 2017, p. 84Lightfoot 2017, p. 127

  28. 1871

    ConsignmentCesnola sent 66 boxes of antiquities to Rollin and Feuardent for sale.

    Consigned to Rollin and Feuardent66 boxes of antiquities containing 5.756 itemsLondonMarangou 2000, p. 187Marangou 2000, p. 167Marangou 2000, p. 227

  29. 1871

    ConsignmentCesnola sent further series of antiquities to London for two sales held by Sotheby.

    Consigned to Sothebyseries of Cypriot antiquitiesMasson 1990, p. 38

  30. 1871–1872

    SaleprobablyMasson believed Fothergill bought a lot of second-choice antiquities directly from Cesnola at Larnaca.

    Sold to Captain Fothergillun lot d'antiquités de deuxième choixMasson 1996, p. 26

  31. 1871

    GiftCesnola donated Cypriote antiquities to the National Museum of Natural History.

    Gave to National Museum of Natural HistoryNo. Accession No. 002258WashingtonMerrillees 2010, p. 119

  32. 1871

    SalePitt-Rivers purchased a Cesnola face bead at the 1871 Sotheby's auction.

    Sold to Augustus Henry Lane Fox Pitt RiversNo. 1884.76.142LondonLightfoot 2017, p. 14

  33. 1871

    RecordAbout 5,000 objects from the explorations were lost at sea near the coast of Syria while being taken to America.

    about 5000 of these objectsCesnola 1878, p. 454Marangou 2000, p. 118

  34. 1871

    AuctionCesnola’s two large batches of Cypriot antiquities were sold at London auction sales.

    With unnamed buyersover £1440 poundsMarangou 2000, p. 187Marangou 2000, p. 188Reeve 2021, p. 90Ulbrich & Kiely 2012, p. 327

  35. 1871

    ExportCesnola’s collection left Cyprus for London in September and arrived there in December.

    collection and antiquities in packed casesCyprus to LondonMarangou 2000, p. 219

  36. 1871–1872

    SaleFrom 1871–1872, Cesnola sold his finds as entire collections to avoid auction dispersal.

    With unnamed buyershis finds, sold as entire collectionsMasson 1990, p. 39

  37. 1871

    OfferCesnola selected some ex-voto for the London sale and kept the more remarkable objects.

    Masson 1997, p. 28

  38. 1871

    RecordAround 5,000 items from Palma Luigi di Cesnola’s collection were lost at sea on their way to the United States.

    Off the coast of SyriaPanteli 1995, p. 36

  39. 1872

    SaleCesnola sold seventy terracotta lamps and one bronze lamp directly to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

    Sold to Boston Museum of ArtNo. MFA 72.392Cesnola 1878, p. 454Vermeule & Comstock 1972Counts 2001, p. 134Lightfoot 2021, p. 13

  40. 1872

    TransferThe Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, acquired a lamp with gladiatorial equipment from Cesnola.

    Passed objects to Museum of Fine Arts, BostonNo. MFA 72.260Lightfoot 2021, p. 244Lightfoot 2021, p. 248Lightfoot 2021, p. 198Lightfoot 2021, p. 274

  41. 1872

    ExportLuigi Palma di Cesnola had major pieces from his collection shipped to England despite the export ban.

    the major pieces in his collection, notably the sculptureKarageorghis et al. 2000

  42. 1872

    OfferLuigi Palma di Cesnola haggled with representatives from several cities over the sale of his collection.

    With representatives from Saint Petersburg, Berlin, London, Paris, and New YorkKarageorghis et al. 2000

  43. 1873–1876

    GiftCesnola said that he voluntarily gave several thousand Cypriot antiquities to the Ottoman Imperial Museum.

    Gave to Imperial Ottoman Museum at ConstantinopleConstantinopleCesnola 1878, p. 454Marangou 2000, p. 118Marangou 2000, p. 204Masson 1996, p. 10

  44. 1873

    SaleL. P. Cesnola vendit le didrachme à Fox lors de sa vente de mai 1873 à Londres.

    Sold to General Fox (numismatist)un didrachme demeuré unique, ville d'émission inconnueNo. no. 35713 livres 10 sh.Masson 1996

  45. 1873

    GiftAlmost 400 stone objects were given over to the Turkish authorities after they declined to renew the firman.

    With Turkish authoritiesHermary & Mertens 2014, p. 17

  46. 1874

    NoteDethier and Cesnola made an agreement in Larnaca in 1874 after which 88 chests of Cypriot antiquities were brought to Istanbul.

    Connected with Philipp DethierAntiquities from various sites in Cyprus, in 88 chestsBursa & Pitarakis 2005, p. 29

  47. 1875

    GiftprobablyLuppatelli reported that Cesnola sent over a hundred pieces from Cyprus to Perugia in the summer of 1875.

    Gave to Museum of PerugiaTatton-Brown 2001, p. 139

  48. 1875

    CollectionThe author said Cesnola gathered finds from several rich tombs at Kourion into the Treasure.

    discoveries from several rich tombs at Kourion, assembled as the TreasureMasson 1994, p. 9

  49. 1875

    AcquisitionpossiblyThe bowl was attributed to Cesnola as either acquired or excavated by him, probably from a tomb.

    a fragmentary silver bowlNo. Metropolitan Museum Reg. nos. 74, 51, 4557 and 4559Kourion?Mitford 1971, p. 11Mitford 1971, p. 14Mitford 1971, p. 16

  50. 1876

    SaleCesnola sold about one hundred pieces of Cypriot pottery to the South Kensington Museum.

    Sold to Kensington Museumabout a hundred pieces of Cypriot potteryNo. 2067-1876 to 2169-1876£100LondonCesnola 1878, p. 454Christofi 2024, p. 116Marangou 2000, p. 118Masson 1996, p. 27

  51. 1876

    SaleLuigi Palma di Cesnola sold the flask to the Fitzwilliam Museum.

    Sold to Fitzwilliam MuseumSnake-coil decorated flaskNo. GR.61.1876Christofi 2024, p. 116Karageorghis et al. 1999, p. 141Karageorghis et al. 1999, p. 144Lightfoot 2017, p. 13

  52. 1876–1878

    NoteA. Palma di Cesnola excavated or collected antiquities in financial collaboration with Sir Edwin Lawrence.

    Connected with Edwin Henry LawrenceCypriot antiquitiesCyprus, especially in the Salamis regionKiely & Perna 2010, p. 110

  53. 1876–1878

    CollectionA. Palma di Cesnola excavated or collected antiquities on Cyprus, especially in the Salamis region.

    a large and diverse quantity of Cypriot antiquitiesCyprus, especially the Salamis regionKiely & Perna 2010, p. 110

  54. 1876

    RecordDi Cesnola was making arrangements for dispatch of a second consignment to America.

    Pilides 2008, p. 6

  55. 1876

    PurchaseprobablyL. P. di Cesnola probably purchased the inscribed green-stone vase in a Nicosia bazaar.

    vase made of green stone with a short Phoenician inscriptiona bazaar at NicosiaReyes 1994, p. 18

  56. 1876

    RecordCesnola arranged for the dispatch of his second collection to America.

    his second collection of antiquitiesfrom Cyprus to AmericaTatton-Brown 2001, p. 266

  57. 1880

    TransferCesnola sent the lamp to California on behalf of the Metropolitan.

    No. 1966.470Lightfoot 2021, p. 185

  58. 1883

    LawsuitFeuardent sued Cesnola for defamation after Cesnola accused him of stealing an anthropomorphic vase.

    In litigation with Gaston Louis FeuardentAccusation concerning an anthropomorphic vaseNo. 22231Boucher 2012, p. 178Christofi 2024, p. 117Marangou 2000, p. 325Merrillees 2010, p. 118

  59. 1884

    SaleCesnola sold five saucer lamps to Leland Stanford, Sr.

    Sold to Leland StanfordNo. JLS.1802, JLS.1803, JLS.1807, 1966.385, JLS.1804Lightfoot 2021, p. 32Lightfoot 2017, p. 132

  60. 1884

    AgencyBalliard wrote to Heuzey on Cesnola’s behalf, asking him to return the crate of terracottas sent to the Louvre.

    Represented by Charles Balliarda crate of terracottasMerrillees 2010, p. 116

  61. 1903

    PurchaseLuigi Palma di Cesnola bought the chariot and related finds on the Paris art market.

    chariot and related materialPicón et al. 2007, p. 470

  62. n.d.

    GiftLuigi Palma di Cesnola gave a temple-boy statuette to the Museo Archeologico Nazionale.

    Gave to Museo Archeologico NazionaleLimestone temple-boy statuetteNo. Inv. Bellucci no. 68Beer 1994, p. 66

  63. n.d.

    TransferA figurine from Amathus passed from Cesnola to De Agostini; the manner of transfer was not specified.

    Passed objects to Giovanni De-AgostiniA similar figurine from Amathus, with legs and feet missingBolger & Serwint 2002, p. 361

  64. n.d.

    NoteLuigi Palma di Cesnola said he had set aside skulls to send to Felice Finzi, but Finzi's death prevented the sending.

    Connected with Felice Finzialcuni di questi cranjBombardieri 2012, p. 373

  65. n.d.

    TransferTwo skulls that Cesnola said he found at Idalion were later sent to the Musée Anthropologique de l'Académie Médicale de Turin.

    Passed objects to Musée Anthropologique de l'Académie Médicale de Turintwo skulls found at IdalionBombardieri 2012, p. 367

  66. n.d.

    TransferprobablyThe authors considered it probable that the Istanbul jug group had been acquired through Cesnola, but could not verify this.

    Passed objects to Istanbul Archaeological MuseumsSeven copper-alloy jugsNo. inv. nos 51-54, 57-58, 60Bursa & Pitarakis 2005, p. 30Michaelides et al. 2012, p. 135Panayides & Jacobs 2023, p. 21

  67. n.d.

    GiftCesnola presented several skulls to the Royal Academy of Medicine in Turin.

    Gave to Royal Academy of Medicine in TurinCesnola 1878, p. 77

  68. n.d.

    SaleEmperor Napoleon had decided to purchase Cesnola’s discoveries and present them to the Louvre, but the negotiations ended.

    Sold to Napoleon IIIthe whole of my discoveriesCesnola 1878, p. 170

  69. n.d.

    TransferGeneral di Cesnola transferred a large collection to the Ottoman government as royalty for his firman.

    Passed objects to Ottoman governmenta large and judiciously selected collectionCesnola 1878, p. 454Marangou 2000, p. 118

  70. n.d.

    GiftCesnola presented antiquities to the Royal Museum in Munich.

    Gave to Royal Museum at Munichvarious specimensCesnola 1878, p. 454Marangou 2000, p. 118

  71. n.d.

    GiftGeneral di Cesnola gratuitously presented specimens to the Egyptian Museum at Turin.

    Gave to Egyptian Museum at Turinvarious specimensCesnola 1878, p. 454

  72. n.d.

    GiftGeneral di Cesnola gratuitously presented specimens to the Anthropological Museum at Turin.

    Gave to Anthropological Museum at Turinvarious specimensCesnola 1878, p. 454

  73. n.d.

    GiftCesnola presented antiquities to the Archaeological Society at Athens.

    Gave to Archaeological Society at Athensvarious specimensCesnola 1878, p. 454Marangou 2000, p. 118Masson 1996, p. 11

  74. n.d.

    GiftGeneral di Cesnola gratuitously presented specimens to the Museum at Perugia.

    Gave to Museum at Perugiavarious specimensCesnola 1878, p. 454

  75. n.d.

    SaleprobablySmall collections were sold to the Cambridge Museum in the account of the dispersals of Cesnola's finds.

    Sold to Cambridge MuseumCesnola 1878, p. 454

  76. n.d.

    TransferpossiblyG. Nicole’s account indicated that part of Castan’s collection came from Cesnola, possibly including the Geneva sculptures.

    Passed objects to Louis CastanPart of Castan’s collection; possibly the sculptures now in GenèveChamay 1991, p. 30

  77. n.d.

    NoteThe Cesnolas negotiated with Napoleon III about shipping the collection to the Louvre.

    Connected with Napoleon IIIthe whole collectionChristofi 2024, p. 116

  78. n.d.

    SaleIn negotiations with Doell, the Imperial Museum's agent, Cesnola estimated his collection's value at 270,000 to 400,000 francs.

    Sold to Imperial Ottoman Museumbetween 270.000 and 400.000 francsConnelly 1988, p. 80Hardy 2014, p. 461Marangou 2000, p. 195

  79. n.d.

    TransferOne of Luigi Palma di Cesnola's small collections of antiquities went to Vercelli and then entered Museo Leone.

    Passed objects to Museo Leonea small collection of antiquitiesBombardieri & Panero 2021, p. 17

  80. n.d.

    TransferpossiblyThe author questioned whether Cesnola might have ceded some objects to Colucci as coming from Paphos.

    Passed objects to Riccardo Colucciuna parte della raccolta italianaPaolo 2010, p. 81

  81. n.d.

    SalepossiblyThe article raises the possibility that Colucci bought Paphos-attributed objects directly from Cesnola.

    Sold to Riccardo Coluccigroup of objects attributed to PaphosPaolo 2012, p. 385

  82. n.d.

    GiftprobablyThe article says the Perugia group appears to consist of duplicates Cesnola chose as gifts for the city museum.

    Gave to Museo Archeologico Nazionale of PerugiaCypriote objects, described as duplicatesPaolo 2012, p. 387

  83. n.d.

    GiftprobablyThe article says the Turin group appears to consist of duplicates Cesnola chose as gifts for the city museum.

    Gave to Museo di Antichità of TurinCypriote objects, described as duplicatesPaolo 2012, p. 387

  84. n.d.

    NotepossiblyLuigi Palma di Cesnola was named among those through whom the Musée du Louvre came to keep two patères.

    Connected with Musée du Louvredeux patères d'IdalionGubel 2007, p. 160

  85. n.d.

    HelppossiblyPapa Petro distributed goods through which Luigi Palma di Cesnola rewarded villagers who collected antiquities.

    Helped by Papa Petrogoods, such as flour and wheatOrmideiaHadjicosti 2001, p. 57Tatton-Brown 2001, p. 57

  86. n.d.

    AgencyThe Museum acquired the bowls and bowl fragments through General L. P. di Cesnola.

    Agent for The Metropolitan Museum of ArtSilver bowls and bowl fragments, among othersNo. MMA 74.51.4556, 4557, 4558, and 4559Hendrix 1999, p. 21

  87. n.d.

    TransferSome of Cesnola’s duplicate sculptures were dispersed to his friend John Ruskin.

    Passed objects to John RuskinHermary & Mertens 2014, p. 17

  88. n.d.

    TransferSome of Cesnola’s duplicate sculptures were dispersed to his friend Hiram Hitchcock.

    Passed objects to Hiram HitchcockHermary & Mertens 2014, p. 17Marangou 2000, p. 209

  89. n.d.

    GiftCesnola gave Lang three inscribed alabaster vases from Golgoi-Ayios Photos.

    Gave to Robert Hamilton LangThree alabaster vases bearing syllabic inscriptions, including a dedication to ApolloHermary & Mertens 2014, p. 384

  90. n.d.

    TransferJohn Myres reported that many Cypriot objects were acquired by Pitt Rivers from General Louis Palma di Cesnola.

    Passed objects to Augustus Henry Lane Fox Pitt Riversmany of the Cypriot objectsKarageorghis 1991, p. 29

  91. n.d.

    SaleLuigi Palma di Cesnola sold Cypriote antiquities to the university museums of Oxford and Cambridge.

    Sold to University of OxfordKarageorghis et al. 1999, p. ix

  92. n.d.

    SaleLuigi Palma di Cesnola sold Cypriote antiquities to the university museums of Oxford and Cambridge.

    Sold to University of CambridgeKarageorghis et al. 1999, p. ix

  93. n.d.

    SalepossiblyThe authors considered it quite likely that Uvarov bought these figurines from Cesnola rather than Yusefovich.

    Sold to Count Alexei Sergeevich Uvarovterracotta figurines in 'Base-ring' ware styleNo. no. SHM 56 and three othersKarageorghis & Bukina 2005, p. 4

  94. n.d.

    AgencyCesnola's account says Besbes applied for an export permit for him as Russian Consul.

    Represented by Bostantus BeshesCesnola's antiquitiesKnoblauch 2019, p. 67Masson 1996, p. 3

  95. n.d.

    GiftThe Misses Norton had received a Hellenistic lamp from Cesnola.

    Gave to Misses Nortona Hellenistic lamp with two winged cupidsNo. MFA 12.790Lightfoot 2021, p. 65

  96. n.d.

    AgencyHitchcock was authorized to sell Cesnola’s collection and refer prospective buyers to him.

    Represented by Hiram HitchcockMarangou 2000, p. 77Marangou 2000, p. 130Marangou 2000, p. 254

  97. n.d.

    SaleCesnola offered the Collection to the Newfort Museum and authorized Hitchcock to negotiate its purchase in his name.

    Sold to New York Museum$60.00Marangou 2000, p. 78

  98. n.d.

    SaleDelgado reported that Cesnola proposed selling the Collection to the Spanish Scientific Mission.

    Sold to Spanish Scientific MissionMarangou 2000, p. 41

  99. n.d.

    SaleCesnola sold a small collection to the Cambridge Museums.

    Sold to Cambridge Museumssmall collections of antiquitiesMarangou 2000, p. 118

  100. n.d.

    GiftCesnola presented antiquities to the Egyptian Museum in Turin.

    Gave to Egyptian Museum in Turinvarious specimensMarangou 2000, p. 118

  101. n.d.

    GiftCesnola presented antiquities to the Museum in Perugia.

    Gave to Museum in Perugiavarious specimensMarangou 2000, p. 118

  102. n.d.

    NoteCesnola offered two boxes of antiquities as a present to the Smithsonian; they were never claimed.

    Connected with Smithsonian Institutetwo boxes containing a collection of antiquitiesMarangou 2000, p. 200

  103. n.d.

    GiftCesnola gave two boxes intended for the Smithsonian, along with other boxes, to the American Missionary College at Beirut.

    Gave to American Missionary College at Beiruttwo boxes of antiquities and several other boxesMarangou 2000, p. 200

  104. n.d.

    SaleprobablyA ready-made pack of Cesnola's antiquities was expected to be purchased by the Sèvres Museum.

    Sold to Sèvres Museumready-made pack of antiquitiesMarangou 2000, p. 179

  105. n.d.

    SaleCesnola received Johnston’s $60,000 offer for the collection, with the money to be advanced to the Museum.

    Sold to John Taylor JohnstonCesnola’s collection$60,000New YorkMarangou 2000, p. 227

  106. n.d.

    SaleCesnola offered the collection for sale to the Centennial Exhibition committee and authorized Hitchcock to sell it at the stated prices.

    Sold to Committee of the Centennial Exhibitionwhole collection$60,000 in gold; Hitchcock instructed to sell at $50,000 if necessaryPhiladelphiaMarangou 2000, p. 254

  107. n.d.

    GiftpossiblyCesnola said he had packed a box of Phoenician vases for the New York Historical Society.

    Gave to New York Historical SocietyMarangou 2000, p. 221

  108. n.d.

    SaleCesnola asked Cook to help the Philadelphia museum buy a collection he could prepare.

    Sold to Philadelphia museum2000 already existent vases and finds from another 6,000 unopened tombsMarangou 2000, p. 315

  109. n.d.

    NoteHulbert promised Cesnola that he would try to persuade New York authorities to purchase the collection.

    Connected with Henry Hulbertthe Cesnola CollectionMarangou 2000, p. 390

  110. n.d.

    GiftCesnola's letter said he sent Renan a box of inscription impressions and a sheet copying inscriptions painted on vases.

    Gave to Ernest RenanEstampages of Phoenician inscriptions from Cyprus and copies of inscriptions painted on vasesMasson 1989

  111. n.d.

    SaleL. De Clercq was among the named collectors who bought pieces from the Cesnola sale.

    Sold to Louis Constantin Henri François-Xavier de ClercqParisMasson 1990, p. 38

  112. n.d.

    SaleHoffmann was among the named antiquarians who bought pieces from the Cesnola sale.

    Sold to Henri HoffmannParisMasson 1990, p. 38Masson 1990, p. 39

  113. n.d.

    SaleRollin was among the named antiquarians who bought pieces from the Cesnola sale.

    Sold to C. RollinParisMasson 1990, p. 38

  114. n.d.

    LoanpossiblyMasson suggested that Cesnola lent the lamp to Colonna-Ceccaldi for a time.

    Lent to Georges Colonna Ceccaldila lampeNo. ICS 329Masson 1990

  115. n.d.

    SaleAl(exandre) Bertrand bought objects at the Cesnola sale for the Musée des Antiquités nationales.

    Sold to Alexandre Bertrandobjects from Cesnola’s saleNo. 15132 à 15169Masson 1996, p. 7

  116. n.d.

    GiftCesnola gave antiquities to Ruskin in thanks for Ruskin’s gift of 1000 livres.

    Gave to John RuskinMasson 1996, p. 13Ulbrich & Kiely 2012, p. 340

  117. n.d.

    GiftCesnola gave Gladstone the funerary inscription, which remained at Hawarden Castle.

    Gave to William Ewart Gladstonefunerary epigram for PhileasNo. Salamina, p. 104; Corpus no. 192Masson 1996, p. 26

  118. n.d.

    SalepossiblyCesnola considered trying to sell his “Phoenician Museum” to the New York Historical Society.

    Sold to New York Historical SocietyMasson 1996, p. 4

  119. n.d.

    SaleSandwith purchased an archaic vase from Cesnola.

    Sold to Thomas Backhouse Sandwithan archaic vase depicting a warrior in a chariotNo. B.M. 1875.3–10.1Merrillees 2001, p. 228

  120. n.d.

    GiftpossiblyThe exhibition catalogue said it was possible that Cesnola gave pieces from his personal collection to Balliard.

    Gave to Charles Balliardpieces from Cesnola’s ‘fonds personnel’Merrillees 2010, p. 114

  121. n.d.

    SalepossiblyThe exhibition catalogue said it was possible that Cesnola sold pieces from his personal collection to Balliard.

    Sold to Charles Balliardpieces from Cesnola’s ‘fonds personnel’Merrillees 2010, p. 114

  122. n.d.

    SaleCesnola sold the Ennion amphoriskos in Europe, and Charvet acquired it.

    Sold to Jules Charvetmold-blown blue amphoriskos signed by EnnionLightfoot 2017, p. 13

  123. n.d.

    SaleLawrence reported acquiring valuable relics, including glass, from Luigi Palma di Cesnola.

    Sold to Edwin Henry Lawrencechoice and valuable relics, including glassLightfoot 2017, p. 14

  124. n.d.

    SaleCesnola sold another cup to John Henderson in London.

    Sold to John HendersonLightfoot 2017, p. 78

  125. n.d.

    TransferpossiblyThe beaker may have been one of those Cesnola sent to Governor Stanford.

    Passed objects to Leland StanfordNo. JLS.1949; C.G. 1488Lightfoot 2017, p. 87

  126. n.d.

    SaleCesnola sold a large example to Stanford; it is now in the Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts, Stanford University.

    Sold to Stanfordlarge perfume bottleNo. JLS.1910Lightfoot 2017, p. 251Lightfoot 2017, p. 257Lightfoot 2017, p. 263

  127. n.d.

    SaleFelix Slade bought a flask from Cesnola.

    Sold to Felix SladeNo. BM GR 71.7-13.8Lightfoot 2017, p. 175

  128. n.d.

    GiftGen. L. P. di Cesnola presented a painted white ware vase from Throni to the Turin Museum.

    Gave to Turin MuseumMyres 1897, p. 148Myres 1897, p. 145

  129. n.d.

    GiftCesnola gave objects from his collection to General Pitt-Rivers.

    Gave to Augustus Henry Lane Fox Pitt Riverssmall series selected from Cesnola's collectionMyres 1933, p. 27

  130. n.d.

    SaleAugustus W. Franks bought Cypriot metal artefacts from Luigi Palma di Cesnola.

    Sold to Augustus Wollaston FranksRogge et al. 2019, p. 229

  131. n.d.

    SaleCesnola sold a selection of Cypriote antiquities to the Imperial and Royal Coin and Antiquity Collection.

    Sold to Imperial and Royal Coin and Antiquity Collection155 Cypriote finds, including vases, sculptures, statuettes, bronzes, lamps, jewelry and seals1000 florins Austrian currency in silverViennaBernhard-Walcher et al. 1999, p. 39

  132. n.d.

    GiftLuigi Palma di Cesnola donated a group of Cypriot skulls to Turin's Museum of Medicine.

    Gave to Turin's Museum of Medicinegroup of skulls from CyprusSoldi 2025, p. 98

  133. n.d.

    AgencyLang identified Hasen as General Cesnola's middleman in the antiquities trade.

    Represented by Hasan (Hasen) of DaliDaliSolomon 2021, p. 113

  134. n.d.

    GiftLuigi Palma di Cesnola gave Boker gold trinkets from his collection.

    Gave to George Henry BokerStanley-Price 2018, p. 299

  135. n.d.

    AgencyBoker obtained a firman for Luigi Palma di Cesnola’s digging and helped him export his finds.

    Represented by George Henry Bokerfirman for digging and exported findsCyprusStanley-Price 2018, p. 299

  136. n.d.

    GiftprobablyCesnola apparently chose duplicates from his collection as gifts for the museums of Turin and Perugia.

    Gave to Archaeological Museum of Turinduplicates from Cesnola’s Cypriot antiquities collectionTatton-Brown 2001, p. 134

  137. n.d.

    TransferThe South Kensington Museum acquired at least 92 pottery items from Cesnola, part of a larger group left on deposit in Bloomsbury.

    Passed objects to South Kensington Museumat least 92 items of potteryUlbrich & Kiely 2012, p. 323

  138. n.d.

    FundingRuskin financially supported Cesnola’s excavations.

    Financed by John RuskinUlbrich & Kiely 2012, p. 340

  139. n.d.

    PurchaseCesnola purchased two inscriptions at New Paphos.

    Religious Documents from Roman… 1946, p. 38

  140. n.d.

    ExportThe article reported that Luigi Palma di Cesnola subsequently removed the recovered antiquities from Cyprus.

    35,573 antiquitiesBarker & Merrillees 2017, p. 53

  141. n.d.

    ExportpossiblyThe catalogue said Cesnola may have brought some of the pieces to England.

    some pieces in the Birmingham collectionBeer 1994, p. 40

  142. n.d.

    RecordPart of the finds from Cesnola's visits was destined for the sultan.

    With the sultanpart of the fruits of these “visits”Belloni 1995, p. 66

  143. n.d.

    OfferLuigi Palma di Cesnola promoted his archaeological collection internationally while seeking buyers.

    With acheteursBombardieri 2012, p. 358

  144. n.d.

    SaleLuigi Palma di Cesnola completed the sale of his Cypriot collection successfully.

    With acheteursBombardieri 2012, p. 359

  145. n.d.

    AcquisitionpossiblyThe article reported a suggestion that Cesnola assembled the treasure's objects from various sources, acquiring them from dealers and tomb robbers.

    With dealers and tomb robersObjects assembled as the Treasure of CuriumBuitron-Oliver 1997, p. 31

  146. n.d.

    DispersalCesnola's collections were divided among public sales and a large transfer to the Metropolitan Museum.

    collections considérablesParis; Londres; New YorkCaubet 2012, p. 150

  147. n.d.

    CollectionCesnola collected many vases and sepulchral objects from the tombs at Dali.

    immense number of vases and other sepulchral objectsCesnola 1878, p. 83

  148. n.d.

    PurchaseCesnola paid peasants for sculptures they had secretly taken to their homes.

    With peasants who had secreted the objectssculptures secretly retained by peasantsa liberal sum for each objectAthienoCesnola 1878, p. 126

  149. n.d.

    CollectionCesnola’s house and adjoining rented warehouses at Larnaca were filled with antiquities.

    Cesnola 1878, p. 170

  150. n.d.

    ExportCesnola shipped his cases from Larnaca to Alexandria for re-shipment to London after obtaining permission as Consul for Russia.

    all my casesCesnola 1878, p. 175

  151. n.d.

    LoanAfter copying the inscriptions, Cesnola permitted the diggers to take the marbles to Nouni and keep them until further orders.

    With the diggersthe inscribed marblesCesnola 1878, p. 244

  152. n.d.

    TransferCesnola had the sarcophagus conveyed aboard the Mahòna, which then sailed for Larnaca.

    a white marble sarcophagus with a female head sculptured on its lidfrom Amathus to LarnacaCesnola 1878, p. 289

  153. n.d.

    CollectionCesnola had antiquities filling his house and adjoining rented warehouses in Larnaca.

    Christofi 2024, p. 114

  154. n.d.

    ExportCesnola shipped his collection to Britain after hearing of a possible export ban.

    his collection of antiquitiesfrom Cyprus to BritainChristofi 2024, p. 114

  155. n.d.

    RecordThe Cesnolas courted Russian officials for the Hermitage Museum.

    With Russian officialsChristofi 2024, p. 116

  156. n.d.

    ExportLuigi Cesnola hurriedly shipped everything he had to Britain.

    Christofi 2024, p. 114

  157. n.d.

    RecordCesnola accidentally lost 5,000 Cypriot antiquities at sea.

    Christofi 2024, p. 118

  158. n.d.

    ExportCesnola removed the Golgoi sculptures and a group of about 35,000 objects from Cyprus.

    about 35,000 objects collected throughout Cyprus, including Golgoi sculpturesConnelly 1988, p. 77

  159. n.d.

    PurchaseThe author states that the artifacts Cesnola represented as the Treasure of Kourion had been bought and collected from native diggers.

    With native diggersartifacts represented as the Treasure of Kourionthroughout the islandIV 2014, p. 17

  160. n.d.

    GiftpossiblyCounts suggested that Cesnola was fond of donating duplicates to officials and museums around the world.

    With various officials and museums around the worldCounts 2001, p. 135

  161. n.d.

    CollectionLuigi Palma di Cesnola amassed a huge collection of antiquities in his consular home in Larnaka.

    Bombardieri & Panero 2021, p. 22

  162. n.d.

    TransferSeiff reported that Cesnola had handed over his more important finds to various European museums.

    With vari musei europeii ritrovamenti più importantiPaolo 2010, p. 78

  163. n.d.

    AcquisitionLuigi Palma di Cesnola said he had collected figurines at Alampra; several were of Idalion style.

    figurines, dont plusieurs de style idalienFourrier 2004, p. 198

  164. n.d.

    AcquisitionCesnola acquired figurines associated with Ormideia, whose provenance was doubtful.

    figurines d'OrmideiaFourrier 2004, p. 200

  165. n.d.

    GiftpossiblyLuigi Palma di Cesnola rewarded villagers who collected antiquities with goods, including flour and wheat.

    With the poor villagers collecting antiquitiesgoods, such as flour and wheatOrmideiaHadjicosti 2001, p. 57

  166. n.d.

    PurchaseHogarth said many objects were purchased from villagers rather than unearthed by General di Cesnola.

    With villagersHogarth 1888, p. 150

  167. n.d.

    AcquisitionLuigi Palma di Cesnola acquired fragment ICS² 254 during the later nineteenth century.

    No. $ ICS^{2} $ 254Kearns 2022, p. 286

  168. n.d.

    CollectionLouis Palma di Cesnola collected thousands of antiquities from all over the island.

    Kyriakou 1987, p. 8

  169. n.d.

    TransferCesnola sent a large group of lamps to California at Stanford’s urging for a new eponymous museum.

    With new eponymous museum at Berkeleyone large group of lampsLightfoot 2021, p. 14

  170. n.d.

    AcquisitionpossiblyCesnola may have acquired the lamp mold fragment in Cyprus.

    fragmentary lamp moldNo. C.P. 3806Lightfoot 2021, p. 343

  171. n.d.

    SaleL. Palma di Cesnola sold a skyphos to an unnamed buyer.

    With unnamed buyerLund 2015, p. 170

  172. n.d.

    AcquisitionpossiblyCesnola claimed to have acquired votive terracottas from the temple site, without saying whether he dug or bought them.

    temple site at KoukliaMaier 1997, p. 129

  173. n.d.

    CollectionLuigi Palma di Cesnola reportedly assembled the largest collection of terracotta figurines, numbering at least one thousand.

    Environ mille figurines en terre cuite, dont cinq cents en bon étatSalinesMaillard 2016, p. 270

  174. n.d.

    ExportCesnola reported sending more than a third of his collection out of Cyprus and paying export duty on the declared value.

    more than one third of his collection8% export dutyMarangou 2000, p. IXMarangou 2000, p. 209Marangou 2000, p. 255Marangou 2000, p. 364

  175. n.d.

    PurchaseCesnola bought marble heads and terra-cotta figures from natives near Amathus.

    With nativestwo life-size marble heads and small terra-cotta figuresMarangou 2000, p. 159

  176. n.d.

    AcquisitionCesnola took the colossal head and other statues away after his diggers found them.

    Aghios PhotiosMarangou 2000, p. 189

  177. n.d.

    OfferCesnola used photographs to inform interested museums and individuals of proposed collection sales.

    With interested museums and individualscollection of antiquitiesMarangou 2000, p. 112Marangou 2000, p. 219

  178. n.d.

    GiftAntiquities were handed out to acquaintances of the General as gifts and tokens.

    With acquaintances of the GeneralMarangou 2000, p. 124

  179. n.d.

    ExportCesnola arranged for 360 boxes of antiquities to leave Cyprus on behalf of the Russian Consul, bound for Alexandria and London.

    With Russian Consul360 large boxes of antiquitiesCyprus to Alexandria, then LondonMarangou 2000, p. 208

  180. n.d.

    PurchaseCesnola said he surveyed the ground at Paphos, fixed the Temple’s site, and purchased it.

    ground at Paphos where the Temple of Venus stoodMarangou 2000, p. 218

  181. n.d.

    PurchaseCesnola purchased antiquities from numerous people without recording their provenance.

    With numerous peoplevases, torsos, limbs and other antiquitiesCyprusMarangou 2000, p. 246

  182. n.d.

    PurchaseCesnola bought vases, torsos and limbs from peasants while exploring the eastern part of the island.

    With peasantsMarangou 2000, p. 247

  183. n.d.

    RecordpossiblyCesnola planned to send eight more boxes to Liverpool for storage.

    eight boxes of findsMarangou 2000, p. 255

  184. n.d.

    PurchaseThe document says the antiquities attributed to the Curium Treasure were bought from native diggers from all over the island.

    With native diggersMarangou 2000, p. 263

  185. n.d.

    RecordPeristianis reported that Cesnola's shipment of nearly sixty boxes was lost when the vessel sank.

    nearly sixty boxes of antiquitiesAustrian vessel off the Syrian coastMarangou 2000, p. 365

  186. n.d.

    OfferTiburce Colonna-Ceccaldi reported that Cesnola was asking 2000 francs for the bardaque.

    a large bardaque with a female head and relief decoration2000 francsMasson 1990, p. 31

  187. n.d.

    PurchaseThe author concluded that pieces found by peasants were sold to Cesnola.

    With les paysansMasson 1990, p. 42

  188. n.d.

    AcquisitionpossiblyThe lamp was described as found or acquired by Cesnola.

    une lampe ou plutôt une applique murale en terre cuite, décorée d'une figure de BèsNo. ICS 329Masson 1990

  189. n.d.

    TransferpossiblyMasson suggested that Cesnola may have confused or transferred the small lamp.

    des objets de petite dimension, dont la lampeNo. ICS 329Masson 1990, p. 20

  190. n.d.

    CollectionCesnola assembled antiquities from Larnaca and its surroundings, buying from inhabitants and subsidizing small excavations.

    objects from Larnaca and its surroundingsMasson 1996, p. 3

  191. n.d.

    TransferpossiblyCesnola apparently sent a lot of antiquities to the Paris antiquaries Rollin and Feuardent.

    With Rollin et FeuardentMasson 1996, p. 4

  192. n.d.

    CollectionThe Golgoi ex-voto in the New York group had remained in Cesnola's principal collection.

    Golgoi ex-voto in the main Cesnola collectionNew York, Metropolitan Museum of ArtMasson 1997, p. 26

  193. n.d.

    AcquisitionpossiblyCesnola said his foreman handed him two gold armlets during clearance at Curium.

    With his foremanMerrillees 2010, p. 107

  194. n.d.

    RecordA consignment of about 5,000 pieces from Cesnola's material was lost at sea off Beirut.

    Lightfoot 2017, p. 11

  195. n.d.

    GiftCesnola sent a group of antiquities to Turin as a gift to his native land.

    With his native landLightfoot 2017, p. 11

  196. n.d.

    OfferCesnola attempted to sell his collection in London.

    Lightfoot 2017, p. 15

  197. n.d.

    SaleCesnola sold a tall, sack-shaped jar in London; it later passed via Felix Slade to the British Museum.

    With unnamed buyerNo. BM GR 71.10-4.5Lightfoot 2017, p. 127

  198. n.d.

    AcquisitionLuigi Palma di Cesnola removed many artifacts from Kourion.

    Mirbagheri 2010, p. 91

  199. n.d.

    AcquisitionAllegedpossiblyThe author suspected that Cesnola acquired objects from a possibly clandestine exploitation of a royal cemetery.

    proceeds of a long exploitation of a royal cemeteryKourion or Old PaphosMitford 1971, p. 3

  200. n.d.

    CollectionCesnola included the bracelets in his “Kourion Treasure.”

    two gold braceletsNo. Metropolitan Museum Reg. nos. 74, 51, 3552 and 3553Mitford 1971, p. 7

  201. n.d.

    GiftSome of Palma Luigi di Cesnola’s finds were given as gifts to the Sultan.

    With the SultanSome of the findsPanteli 1995, p. 36

  202. n.d.

    SaleSome of Palma Luigi di Cesnola’s finds were sold on the open market.

    Some of the findsPanteli 1995, p. 36

  203. n.d.

    ExportDi Cesnola exported Cypriot antiquities to America.

    from Cyprus to AmericaPilides 2008, p. 6

  204. n.d.

    ExportDi Cesnola managed to pack and export two hundred cases of the best objects before the firman arrived.

    two-hundred cases with the best objectsfrom CyprusPilides 2008, p. 14

  205. n.d.

    DealingLuigi Palma di Cesnola dealt in antiquities locally, particularly in Larnaka.

    AntikenRecke 2012, p. 91

  206. n.d.

    SaleThe Cesnola brothers’ collections were sold to museums and through auctions.

    With museums and auction buyersCypriot antiquities from the Cesnola collectionsReeve & Waite 2020

  207. n.d.

    CollectionCesnola had previously owned stamp-seal cat. 192.

    No. cat. 192Reyes 2001, p. 101Reyes 2001, p. 104Reyes 2001, p. 105Reyes 2001, p. 157

  208. n.d.

    CollectionLouis Palma di Cesnola owned the krater and a vast collection that came to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

    the Cesnola Collection, including the krater from KourionNo. Metropolitan Museum 74.51.965Robertson 1975, p. 152

  209. n.d.

    AcquisitionpossiblyA ledger notation suggested that Luigi Palma di Cesnola may have collected the hand-and-bird fragment.

    hand holding birdNo. MS 292Romano 2006, p. 19

  210. n.d.

    PurchaseCesnola purchased antiquities from local tomb-looters as well as excavating them himself.

    With local tomb-lootersCypriote antiquitiesCyprusBernhard-Walcher et al. 1999, p. 23

  211. n.d.

    ExportCesnola exported 360 large cases of antiquities, of which only half reached America.

    from Cyprus to AmericaŞevketoğlu 1998, p. 16

  212. n.d.

    OfferpossiblyCesnola suggested that exhibiting his collection might persuade Philadelphia people to buy it.

    With Philadelphia people (males)entire CollectionSoren 1987, p. 302

  213. n.d.

    PurchasepossiblySome items in the Treasure of Curium were apparently bought by Cesnola from antique dealers.

    With antique dealersSoren & James 1988, p. 177

  214. n.d.

    PurchaseLuigi Palma di Cesnola reportedly bought a small two-handled chlorite jar at a bazaar in Nicosia.

    Steele 2018, p. 70

  215. n.d.

    PurchasepossiblyLuigi Palma di Cesnola reportedly purchased the chlorite jar at a bazaar in Nicosia.

    small two-handled jar made of chloriteSteele 2019, p. 70

  216. n.d.

    CollectionLuigi di Cesnola had his collection of objects from Dali, Athienou, and Amathus in his private museum in Larnaca.

    Stylianou-Lambert & Bounia 2016, p. 74

  217. n.d.

    CollectionCesnola assembled finds from Dali, Athienou and Amathus in his private museum in Larnaca.

    Tatton-Brown 2001, p. 6

  218. n.d.

    ExportCesnola used his Russian consulship to send the collection by ship to Alexandria, from where it was supposed to proceed to London.

    Tatton-Brown 2001, p. 7

  219. n.d.

    AcquisitionprobablyThe account says Cesnola won the race to buy the land and discoveries at Ayios Photos.

    land and discoveries made on itTatton-Brown 2001, p. 103

  220. n.d.

    AcquisitionpossiblyCesnola seemed to have obtained some ceramics from the Vounous tombs.

    ceramics from Vounous tombsYildiz 2018, p. 81

Excavations

12 projects
Show all 12 projects

In the field

220 records

Where they worked in the field

  • Ground above 200, 500, 1,000 m

Sites

  1. 1Athienou
  2. 2Kourion
  3. 3Golgoi
  4. 4Kition
  5. 5Idalion
  6. 6Alambra
  7. 7Nea Paphos
  8. 8Palaepaphos (Kouklia)
  9. 9Cape Andreas-Kastros
  10. 10Ormideia
  11. 11Amathus
  12. 12Salamis
  13. 13Soli
  14. 14Dhrymou (approx.)
  15. 15Kourion-Sanctuary of Apollo Hylates
  16. 16Kythrea (approx.)
  17. 17Limassol (approx.)
  18. 18Maroni
  19. 19Ormidhia
  20. 20Phasoula (approx.)
Modern coastline (OpenStreetMap) and relief (Copernicus DEM). Tap or hover a site for what the sources record there.

Athienou

1860–1870

  • Found · 1860Cesnola discovered a large temple site and many statues near Athienou.

    temple site and statuesGunnis 1936, p. 184

  • Excavated · 1867Cesnola excavated in the cemeteries east of Iorgos and found the Golgoi sarcophagus.

    the Golgoi cemeteries, including the Golgoi sarcophagusConnelly 1988, p. 76

  • Directed excavations · 1870Luigi Palma di Cesnola directed excavations at a temenos near Ayios Photios.

    Sculpted limestone monumentsCounts 2014, p. 285

Kourion

1865–1877

  • Excavated · 1865–1877Luigi Palma di Cesnola carried out extensive excavations at several Cypriot sites while serving in Larnaca.

    antiquities at sites including Kourion, Larnaca, Soli and PaphosBarker & Merrillees 2017, p. 52

  • Excavated · 1865Di Cesnola explored the Curium settlement in 1865.

    Home 1960, p. 143

  • Recorded · 1868The article reported that Cesnola worked at the Sanctuary of Apollo, citing an inscription marked "LC 1868."

    Buitron-Oliver 1997, p. 32

  • Found · 1870Luigi Palma de Cesnola found the Kourion Treasure in the 1870s.

    Soren 1985

  • Found · 1874Cesnola was reported to have discovered the city of Curium and the temple of Apollo Hylates.

    city of Curium and temple of Apollo HylatesMarangou 2000, p. 257Tatton-Brown 2001, p. 7

  • Excavated · 1874–1875Cesnola excavated at Kourion and the sanctuary of Apollo Hylates in 1874–1875.

    Vandenabeele 1994, p. 28

  • Excavated with · 1875Koutsocheris testified that he and other diggers worked with Cesnola at Curium and found many objects in a four-room tomb.

    Excavated with Theocharis Koutsocherisa tomb comprising four rooms and many objectsMarangou 2000, p. 264

  • Found · 1875Cesnola reportedly found the bracelets and included them in his Kourion Treasure.

    two inscribed gold braceletsNo. Metropolitan Museum Reg. nos. 74, 51, 3552 and 3553Buitron-Oliver 1997, p. 29Mitford 1971, p. 7

  • Directed excavations · 1875Koutsocheris testified that Cesnola directed the Curium excavations and lived there under tents.

    Marangou 2000, p. 264

  • Found · 1875Cesnola reported finding silver, bronze and gold objects in a tomb at Curium.

    four silver vases, nine alabastrons, three bronze vases, gold ornamentsMasson 1984, p. 3Masson 1984, p. 4

  • Excavated · 1875Cesnola reported working for ten days to remove earth from an inner chamber and continuing the excavation.

    Masson 1984, p. 4

  • Excavated · 1876Gen. Luigi Palma di Cesnola excavated at Kourion in 1876.

    Excavations at KourionCyprus (Blue Guides), p. 124

  • Excavated · 1876Luigi Palma di Cesnola partially cleared the sanctuary of Apollo around 1876.

    Karageorghis 1979, p. 718

  • FoundpossiblyThe author associated the discovery of the famous treasure at Kourion with Cesnola's activities there.

    le fameux "trésor"Chamay 1991, p. 29

  • FoundpossiblyL.P. di Cesnola was reported to have found three Greek Geometric figured vases in a treasure chamber at Kourion.

    three Greek Geometric figured vases: a huge krater and two oinochoaiColdstream 2009, p. 30

  • FoundpossiblyBeaudoin and Pottier reported that Cesnola found the so-called treasure of Curium; Hermary noted that they trusted Cesnola’s account.

    Hermary 2012, p. 230

  • FoundpossiblyGeneral L. P. di Cesnola was reported to have found a hoard of precious metal objects, including the bowl, at Kourion.

    No. MMA 74.51.4557Karageorghis 1999, p. 15

  • FoundCesnola's official account said the Curium Treasure had been found in an underground four-chamber structure on the acropolis at Kourion.

    Trésor de CuriumMasson 1984, p. 19

  • FoundIn a letter, Cesnola claimed he had discovered a royal tomb containing gold, silver, and bronze objects.

    tombe royale; objets en or, en argent et en bronzeMasson 1984, p. 22

  • FoundpossiblyThe catalogue reports that Cesnola said he had found the 'Curium Treasure', but the site examination justified an absolute denial of his story.

    Myres & Ohnefalsch-Richter 1899, p. 7

  • ExcavatedThe catalogue stated that Cesnola was known to have excavated numerous rich tombs at the site.

    Myres & Ohnefalsch-Richter 1899, p. 7

  • ExcavatedCesnola conducted the first published excavations at the sanctuary.

    Temple of Apollo and sanctuary remainsSoren 1987, p. 24

  • FoundpossiblyCesnola wrote that he had found many gold objects beneath a temple at Kourion.

    many gold things beneath a templeSoren 1987, p. 24

  • FoundCesnola reported finding terracotta warriors and inscribed jar fragments during his temple excavation.

    terracotta warriors and fragments of an inscribed jar dedicated to Apollo HylatesSoren 1987, p. 120

  • FoundAllegedpossiblyC. Thubron called Di Cesnola a systematic plunderer and said he discovered the chambers; many doubted the treasure came from one place.

    A priceless treasure of bronze, silver and gold objectsThubron 1975, p. 153

  • FoundThe authors report Cesnola's claim that he found many terracottas while digging at Kourion.

    Terracotta figurinesYoung & Young 1955, p. 2

Golgoi

1866–1873

  • Directed excavations · 1866Cesnola caused excavations to be made in several places at Golgi.

    Marangou 2000, p. 215

  • Excavated · 1867–1873Luigi Palma de Cesnola excavated at Ayios Photos and near Golgoi, recovering thousands of objects.

    thousands of pieces of statuary and other objectsToumazou et al. 1998, p. 166

  • Found · 1868Cesnola wrote that he had found the statue at Golgos.

    a colossal stone statue holding a bull's headNo. 74.51.2463Hermary 2001, p. 154Tatton-Brown 2001, p. 154

  • Found · 1868Cesnola reported finding a colossal stone statue at Golgos.

    colossal stone statue, with head and feet broken, holding an ox headHermary & Mertens 2014, p. 13

  • Guided · 1870Cesnola showed Colonna-Ceccaldi the Golgoi site.

    Guided Georges Colonna CeccaldiHermary & Mertens 2014, p. 15

  • Excavated · 1870Cesnola unearthed most of his sculpture collection at Golgoi-Ayios Photos.

    the main body of his collection of sculpturesHermary 2001, p. 154Tatton-Brown 2001, p. 154

  • Found · 1870Luigi Palma di Cesnola found the statue in the sanctuary of Golgoi-Ayios Photos.

    over-lifesize statue of a male votary, the “priest with dove”Hermary 2014, p. 379

  • Found · 1870Cesnola made major discoveries at Golgoi-Ayios Photios.

    Hermary & Mertens 2014, p. 199

  • Found · 1870Luigi Palma di Cesnola discovered several hundred limestone statues at what he called the 'Temple of Golgoi'.

    Kiely et al. 2025, p. 285

  • Found · 1870Cesnola reported finding the necropolis of Golgi and the Temple of Venus at Athieno.

    Marangou 2000, p. 216

  • Excavated · 1870L. Palma di Cesnola excavated the temple at Golgoi with peasants from Athiénou, where a rich group of ex-voto was found.

    un lot assez riche d’ex-votoMasson 1997, p. 25

  • Excavated · 1873Cesnola said he re-excavated the first site to virgin soil and found no trace of major construction.

    the first site at GolgoiConnelly 1988, p. 76

  • FoundLuigi Palma di Cesnola found the limestone funerary cippus during excavations at ancient Golgoi.

    A limestone funerary cippusKarageorghis 1997, p. 121

  • ExcavatedCesnola excavated several temples and sanctuaries, notably at Golgoi.

    Karageorghis et al. 2000

  • FoundCesnola found some of the fine works illustrated in the catalogue at Golgoi.

    Karageorghis et al. 2000

  • FoundpossiblySenff reported Cesnola's account that he found most of his important statues in a cult building at Golgoi.

    Senff 2016, p. 239

  • ExcavatedLuigi (Louis) Palma di Cesnola continued excavations along the eastern wall at Golgoi.

    statues and pedestalsVermeule 1974, p. 288

  • FoundLuigi (Louis) Palma di Cesnola unearthed a statue that he called “MY statue.”

    statue with a pointed head-dressVermeule 1974, p. 288

  • FoundLuigi (Louis) Palma di Cesnola found the first two heads in or at the Golgoi temple.

    first two limestone headsVermeule 1974, p. 288

  • FoundpossiblyA third head came from the United States Consul's explorations at Golgoi or the nearby second site.

    third limestone headVermeule 1974, p. 288

Kition

1866

  • Excavated · 1866Cesnola recalled starting investigations on a low hill west of Marina, where ancient Citium stood.

    Paolo 2010, p. 78

  • FoundL. Palma di Cesnola found a funerary inscription, probably at Kition.

    inscription funéraire crypto-chrétienneFoulias 2013, p. 203

  • FoundDi Cesnola discovered a finely sculptured Greek head during excavations at Citium.

    a very finely sculptured Greek headHome 1960, p. 155

Larnaca

1866

Salines

1866–1867

  • Directed excavations · 1866–1867Luigi Palma di Cesnola directed an excavation team at the Salines between the summer of 1866 and the summer of 1867.

    Figurines en terre cuiteMaillard 2016, p. 270

sanctuaire des Salines

1866

  • Found · 1866Luigi Palma di Cesnola discovered two Roman-period inscriptions at the sanctuary.

    deux inscriptions d’époque romaineBonato 2015, p. 311

Aghios Iorgos, near Athieno

1867

  • Directed excavations · 1867Cesnola directed excavations near Athieno and found part of the city wall.

    Cesnola 1878, p. 109

Idalion

1867–1875

  • Excavated · 1867–1875Cesnola dug in the fields west of Dali from 1867 until the end of 1875.

    tombs and sepulchral objectsCesnola 1878, p. 83Ulbrich 2011, p. 191

  • Excavated · 1867–1875Cesnola excavated at Dhali and claimed to have opened 15,000 tombs.

    tombs; he claimed to have opened 15,000Stager et al. 1974, p. XXVI

  • Excavated · 1867–1875Luigi Palma di Cesnola exploited the necropoleis of Idalion.

    Ulbrich 2011, p. 191

  • Excavated · 1868Cesnola conducted excavations at Idalion.

    Hermary & Mertens 2014, p. 13

  • Held a permit to dig · 1868The Ottoman authorities officially permitted Cesnola to excavate at Idalion.

    Hermary & Mertens 2014, p. 13

  • Excavated · 1869–1875Peristianis reported that Cesnola opened 15,000 tombs and collected antiquities from them.

    15,000 tombs and numberless vases and other treasuresMarangou 2000, p. 365

  • Helped byCosma greatly assisted Cesnola in arranging the lease of land at Dali.

    Helped by Mr. CosmaAymes 2004, p. 148Cesnola 1878, p. 65

  • FoundLuigi Palma di Cesnola claimed to have found two well-preserved skulls in a funerary chamber at Idalion.

    Bombardieri 2012, p. 367

  • FoundGeneral di Cesnola discovered and explored necropoli, including one at Dali containing about 25,000 tombs.

    necropoli, including about 25,000 tombs at DaliCesnola 1878, p. 452

  • FoundpossiblyL. Palma di Cesnola claimed to have found camel teeth and animal bones in graves at the listed Cyprus sites.

    Camel teeth and bonesFischer 2000, p. 32

  • ExcavatedLuigi Palma di Cesnola claimed to have opened fifteen thousand tombs at Dhali.

    Gaber 2008, p. 53

  • ExcavatedCesnola said that he opened more than ten thousand tombs at Idalion.

    Gunnis 1936, p. 216

  • FoundGen. Luigi Palma di Cesnola discovered a collection of Cypriote antiquities at the named ancient sites and elsewhere.

    valuable collection of Cypriote AntiquitiesHall 1874, p. 29

  • FoundGeneral Cesnola discovered many antiquities at Dali.

    Kiely 2010, p. 249

  • ExcavatedCesnola obtained a firman and employed men to dig at Dali.

    tombs and Phoenician and Greek antiquitiesMarangou 2000, p. 170Marangou 2000, p. 188

  • ExcavatedCesnola said he and his men opened over eight thousand tombs during three years of digging.

    Marangou 2000, p. 215

  • ExcavatedAccording to notes copied from Froehner, Cesnola obtained a firman and excavated at Dali for a month with 50 men.

    about one hundred Phoenician tombsMasson 1990, p. 36

  • ExcavatedCesnola collected and excavated antiquities at several Cypriot sites.

    antiquities, including glassLightfoot 2017, p. 11

  • ExcavatedpossiblyThe text reports that Cesnola was said to have opened several thousand tombs at Idalion in two years.

    Lightfoot 2017, p. 11

  • ExcavatedpossiblyDi Cesnola claimed to have opened more than ten thousand graves in the necropolis.

    Thubron 1975, p. [86]

  • FoundpossiblyDi Cesnola claimed to have found forty gold earrings with bull-head pendants in the necropolis.

    Thubron 1975, p. [86]

Alambra

1868–1874

Nea Paphos

1868

  • Directed excavations · 1868Cesnola sent a party of diggers to make experimental borings at Neo-Paphos; Turks stoned them and drove them away.

    Cesnola 1878, p. 220

  • Directed excavationsCesnola sent another party with Besbes to dig at Neo-Paphos, where a Turkish mob attacked them and forced them to leave.

    diggings at Neo-PaphosCesnola 1878, p. 220

  • ExcavatedCesnola found a Vespasian silver coin and Roman lamps during a week's exploration at Neo-Paphos.

    a silver coin of Vespasian and Roman lampsCesnola 1878, p. 223

Batsalos

1869–1870

colline de Batsalos, à l'ouest de la ville

1869

  • Found · 1869Cesnola brought to light small Phoenician inscriptions of Kition at Batsalos hill.

    petites inscriptions phéniciennes de KitionMasson 1984, p. 16

Palaepaphos (Kouklia)

1869–1875

various parts of Cyprus

1869–1876

  • Excavated · 1869–1876Cesnola dug in various parts of Cyprus and assembled a large collection of Cypriot antiquities.

    Şevketoğlu 1998, p. 16

Aghios Photios

1870

  • Directed excavations · 1870Cesnola provided funds and directed two diggers to dig at Aghios Photios.

    stone head and other sculpturesCesnola 1878, p. 118

Ayios Photos near Golgoi

1870

  • Excavated · 1870Cesnola intensively excavated the sanctuary at Ayios Photos.

    sanctuary finds at Ayios PhotosTatton-Brown 2001, p. 97

Ayios Photos of Atheainou, ancient Golgoi

1870

  • Excavated · 1870L. Palma di Cesnola excavated a large group of anatomical ex-votos at Golgoi.

    Michaelides 2014, p. 31

between Ormidia, Timbo, and Afgoro

1870–1875

  • Excavated · 1870–1875Luigi Palma di Cesnola said he undertook systematic explorations at the burying-ground.

    a burying-ground and tombsHadjicosti 2001, p. 54

Cape Andreas-Kastros

1870

near Ayios Photios, in the area of ancient Golgoi

1870

Ormideia

1870–1875

  • Excavated · 1870–1875Cesnola wrote that he undertook systematic explorations at Ormideia in 1870–71 and 1875.

    Tatton-Brown 2001, p. 54

près du village d'Athiénou, sur un site dépendant de l'ancienne cité de Golgoi

1870

  • Found · 1870Cesnola’s discovery of a colossal head near Athiénou brought scholarly attention to his work.

    tête colossaleMasson 1984, p. 16

region of Athienou, near the chapel of Ayios Photos

1870

site d'un sanctuaire proche de Golgoi

1870

  • Directed excavations · 1870Cesnola directed the digging by Athienou peasants at a sanctuary near Golgoi, where the statue was among the objects uncovered.

    la grande statue dite du « Prêtre à la colombe »No. inv. 74. 51. 2466Masson & Hermary 1993, p. 25

temple of Aphrodite at Golgoi-Ayios Photios

1870

  • Excavated · 1870Luigi Palma di Cesnola unearthed limestone sculpture at the temple of Aphrodite at Golgoi-Ayios Photios.

    Karageorghis et al. 2000

the burying-ground between Ormidia, Timbo, and Afgoro

1870–1875

  • Excavated · 1870–1875Cesnola undertook systematic explorations of the cemetery between Ormidia, Timbo, and Afgoro.

    tombs and decorated vasesCesnola 1878, p. 181

Larnaca of Lapethus

1872

  • Excavated · 1872Cesnola dug at Larnaca of Lapethus for five days and laid bare granite pedestals bearing Greek inscriptions.

    large granite pedestals with Greek inscriptionsCesnola 1878, p. 233

the south-east coast of the Island

1872

  • Surveyed · 1872Cesnola arrived at Ormideia in spring 1872 and resolved to explore the south-east coast of the island.

    Tatton-Brown 2001, p. 54

Cyprus

1873–1876

Amathus

1874–1876

  • Had digging done by · 1874Koutsocheris testified that he worked in Cesnola’s excavations and was ordered to dig at Amathus.

    Had digging done by Theocharis Koutsocherisstone-built tombs and sarcophagiMarangou 2000, p. 253Marangou 2000, p. 393Masson 1984, p. 24

  • Excavated · 1874–1875Cesnola conducted archaeological work at the Amathus necropoleis.

    Herscher 1995, p. 280

  • Surveyed · 1874–1875Cesnola’s report stated that the sites of Amathus, Curium and Kuri were correctly defined in 1874 and 1875.

    Marangou 2000, p. 270

  • Excavated · 1875Cesnola said he stayed at Amathus for four weeks with twenty workers during the excavations.

    tombs and antiquitiesLemesos: A History of…, p. 3Marangou 2000, p. 250Marangou 2000, p. 251

  • Found · 1875Cesnola reported finding a fine white marble sarcophagus at Amathus.

    No. Myres 1366Masson 1990, p. 16

  • Excavated · 1876General Luigi P. di Cesnola excavated a tomb at Amathus.

    Gjerstad et al. 1935, p. 137

  • Dug forCesnola reported that he discovered a sarcophagus before he began digging for Mr Ruskin at Amathunta.

    Dug for John RuskinLemesos: A History of…, p. 25Masson 1990, p. 15

  • FoundLuigi Palma de Cesnola made finds at Amathonte, including the sarcophagus from the north necropolis.

    trouvailles d'Amathonte, dont le sarcophageBlandin et al. 2008, p. 129

  • ExcavatedAfter removing fragments, human remains, and rubbish, Cesnola found fragments of sixty terra-cotta vases in a tomb.

    Cesnola 1878, p. 275Cesnola 1878, p. 348

  • ExcavatedGen. Luigi Palma di Cesnola excavated tomb contents and sculptured panels at Amathus.

    Contents of tombs and sculptured panelsCyprus (Blue Guides), p. 95

  • ExcavatedGeneral Luigi Palma di Cesnola made extensive excavations in the Amathus necropolis.

    the necropolisGjerstad et al. 1935, p. 1

  • FoundCesnola's excavations resulted in the finding of the remarkable sarcophagus.

    Gjerstad et al. 1935, p. 1

  • ExcavatedCesnola excavated many tombs at Amathus and found sarcophagi with sculptured panels.

    tombs and sarcophagiGunnis 1936, p. 210

  • ExcavatedAllegedThe author alleged that L. P. di Cesnola rifled many tombs in the neighbourhood of Amathus.

    Hill 2010, p. 77

  • FoundLuigi Palma di Cesnola recovered bronze jugs at Amathous, Lapithos, and Alassa-Agia Mavri.

    Keane 2024, p. 230

  • FoundA letter by Luigi Palma di Cesnola reported that he had discovered tombs with vases and other Late Bronze Age-style objects around Amathus.

    tombs containing vases and other objects of Late Bronze Age styleKearns 2022, p. 283

  • ExcavatedGeneral Cesnola opened tombs at Amathus and found a sculptured sarcophagus and other objects.

    tombs and a sculptured sarcophagusKiely 2010, p. 248

  • FoundIn a letter, Cesnola reported discovering a large necropolis and a sarcophagus at Amathunta.

    large necropolis; sarcophagus broken into 792 fragmentsLemesos: A History of…, p. 25

  • FoundCesnola reported discovering a sarcophagus at Amathus, broken into 792 fragments.

    sarcophagus in 792 fragmentsMarangou 2000, p. 251

  • FoundBoutkowski reported that Luigi Palma di Cesnola had discovered Phoenician tombs at Amathus.

    Masson 1987, p. 12

  • FoundCesnola reported finding a rare kind of vase in tombs at Amathus.

    a very rare kind of vasesMasson 1990, p. 16

  • ExcavatedLuigi Palma di Cesnola had numerous tombs opened at Amathonte and Kourion.

    Thély 2014, p. 54

ravine southeast of the temple of Apollo

1874

  • Found · 1874probablyCesnola reported discovering some twenty-five statuettes of seated youths near the temple of Apollo.

    Mitford 1971, p. 46

à l'est de l'acropole de Kourion

1875

  • Found · 1875Cesnola, guided by his trusted men, discovered a group of rich tombs east of Kourion's acropolis.

    groupe de tombesMasson 1984, p. 18

au voisinage d'Amathonte

1875

  • Found · 1875Cesnola reported discovering a necropolis near Amathonte.

    une nécropoleMasson 1990, p. 15

ruins of the temple at Curium

1875

  • Found · 1875probablyCesnola reportedly found the inscribed fragment in the ruins of the temple at Curium.

    a fragment of a dedication to ApolloNo. Metropolitan Museum Reg. no. 74.51.2316Mitford 1971, p. 56

the castle at Palaeo-Paphos

1875

  • Excavated · 1875During his last exploration in 1875, Cesnola excavated beneath the castle at Palaeo-Paphos and found jars and painted vase fragments.

    broken jars and fragments of painted terra-cotta vasesCesnola 1878, p. 209

the treasure chambers of Curium

1875

  • Found · 1875probablyCesnola said he found the stone in the treasure chambers of Curium.

    a stone dedication attributed to Pausandros’ sonNo. Metropolitan Museum Reg. no. 74. 51. 2322Mitford 1971, p. 19

Near the site of the ancient amphitheatre

1876

  • Found · 1876possiblyThe book reported that Luigi Palma di Cesnola was said to have discovered the Curium Treasure near the ancient amphitheatre.

    The “Curium Treasure” of gold, silver and jewelleryKyriakou 1987, p. 29

sanctuary of Apollo Hylates at Kourion

1876

  • Excavated · 1876probablyScranton wrote that Cesnola seems to have made the first attempt to excavate the site in 1876.

    part of a templeScranton 1967, p. 3

  • Found · 1876probablyCesnola found column drums, terracotta figurines, and inscriptions, including fragments of a large inscribed pithos.

    column drums, terracotta figurines, inscriptions, and fragments of a large pithosScranton 1967, p. 3

Salamis

1877–1878

  • Excavated · 1877–1878L. Palma di Cesnola excavated at Salamina in 1877 and 1878.

    Graziadio 2025, p. 237

  • Excavated · 1877possiblyCesnola claimed to have begun activity in the Salamis area in November 1877 and continued until the British Occupation the following year.

    Kiely 2019, p. 60Rogge et al. 2019, p. 60

  • ExcavatedCesnola spent large sums at Salamis on three occasions, but reported no satisfactory result.

    large sums of moneyCesnola 1878, p. 202

  • RecordedLuigi Palma di Cesnola spent large sums at Salamis on three occasions without satisfactory results.

    large sums of moneyKarageorghis 1969, p. 17

  • ExcavatedCesnola conducted excavations simultaneously at several sites across Cyprus.

    tombs and antiquitiesMarangou 2000, p. 246

  • RecordedGeneral di Cesnola spent large sums of money at Salamis on three different occasions, but with no satisfactory result.

    Excavations at Salamislarge sums of moneyMunro et al. 1891, p. 59

Soli

1877

  • Excavated · 1877AllegedThe author accused Cesnola of looting tombs after finding the theatre emplacement and doing work in the area.

    Robertson 1975, p. 214

  • FoundCesnola found architectural fragments, an inscribed marble slab, and a headless marble figure of Cybele at Soli.

    fragments of columns and capitals, an inscribed marble slab, and a figure of CybeleCesnola 1878, p. 229

  • FoundLuigi Palma di Cesnola found the site of the theatre at Soloi.

    Papantoniou 2012, p. 166

  • ExcavatedLuigi Palma di Cesnola excavated tombs at Soloi.

    Papantoniou 2012, p. 166

A necropolis at Amathus

Aghios Photos

  • ExcavatedCesnola and 110 men excavated a line of the site, unearthing 228 sculptures.

    Cesnola 1878, p. 146

along the road from Kourion towards Piskopi

  • ExcavatedGeneral Cesnola opened tombs along the road from Kourion towards Piskopi.

    Kiely 2010, p. 248

Ayios Photios

Ayios Photos à Golgoi

  • FoundCesnola found a large inscribed stone box at the temple site of Ayios Photos.

    un grand coffret en pierreNo. ICS 286; inv. 74.51.2324Karageorghis 1997, p. 112

between Aghios Dimitri and Fasuli

  • FoundCesnola found Greek characters cut into the bases of two life-size statues at the site of an elliptical structure.

    Greek characters cut on the bases of two life-size statuesCesnola 1878, p. 285

Carpass

  • FoundCesnola wrote that he found the lamp in a tomb at Carpass.

    une lampe en terre cuite avec figure d'une divinité phénicienneNo. ICS 329Masson 1990

Catalima

  • ExcavatedCesnola dug briefly at Catalima and uncovered an elliptical building’s foundations, a marble capital, tiles, and jars.

    foundations, a Corinthian capital, tiles, and jarsCesnola 1878, p. 188

cemeteries of the city

  • FoundLuigi Palma di Cesnola discovered a relief decorated sarcophagus at the cemeteries of Amathous.

    early 5th century relief decorated sarcophagusSatraki 2008, p. 32

Cerina or Cyrene on the north coast of Cyprus

  • FoundA. Palma di Cesnola said he discovered the inscription at Cerina or Cyrene, a findspot the authors noted was not always reliable.

    a limestone tablet inscriptionNo. BM GR 1884.4-19.9Kiely & Perna 2010, p. 110

Cipro

Constantinople

Cyprus, including Idalion

Dhrymou

eastern side of the river Pedeus

  • FoundCesnola discovered as many as five ancient burying-grounds east of the river Pedeus.

    Cesnola 1878, p. 101

elsewhere in Cyprus

  • FoundGen. di Cesnola found about thirty complete stamped amphorae and a number of broken-off handles elsewhere in Cyprus.

    some thirty complete amphorae of the sort, all with stamps on the handles; besides a number of handles that were broken offHall 1885, p. 389

emplacement d'un temple à Golgoi

  • Directed excavationsCesnola gathered peasants whose work brought antiquities, including large statues, to light at the temple site.

    une série d'antiquités, notamment de grandes statuesMasson 1984, p. 16

fields southeast of the mound at Golgoi

  • ExcavatedCesnola excavated southeast of the mound and uncovered a structure, pedestals, and sculptures.

    foundations of a rectangular structure, pedestals, and sculpturesConnelly 1988, p. 76

Kastro

  • FoundThe cited Handbook reported that Cesnola found two inscriptions, which he did not publish.

    two inscriptions of Zeus LabraniosNo. Myres, Handbook, nos. 1914 and 1915Mitford 1947, p. 208

Kophino

  • ExcavatedGeneral Cesnola partially explored tombs at Kophino.

    ancient tombsKiely 2010, p. 247

Kourion-Sanctuary of Apollo Hylates

  • ExcavatedL. P. di Cesnola dug along the temple’s eastern foundations for several weeks and exposed part of its pavement.

    temple pavementCesnola 1878, p. 343

  • FoundL. P. di Cesnola found terra-cotta warriors and fragments of a jar inscribed with a dedication to Apollo Hylates.

    terra-cotta warriors and fragments of an inscribed jarCesnola 1878, p. 343

  • ExcavatedLuigi Palma di Cesnola's excavation at the Sanctuary of Apollo Hylates stopped for the harvest.

    Given 2025, p. 44

  • ExcavatedCesnola said he dug along the Temple's eastern foundations for several weeks and exposed part of its pavement.

    Eastern foundations and part of the pavement of the TempleScranton 1967, p. 25

  • FoundCesnola reported finding inscribed jar fragments beneath the Temple's stone pavement.

    Fragments of a large earthenware jar inscribed with a dedication to Apollo HylatesScranton 1967, p. 25

Kythrea

  • ExcavatedGeneral di Cesnola partially excavated the ruins of ancient Kythrea.

    Baker 1879, p. 45

  • ExcavatedCesnola discovered the site of two oblong temples at Cythrea and partially explored one.

    Cesnola 1878, p. 243

la butte

  • FoundLuigi Palma di Cesnola said he discovered two small marble pedestals bearing dedications to Artemis Paralia on the mound.

    Deux petits piédestaux en marbre portant des dédicaces à Artémis ParaliaNo. n°s 74.51.2432 et 74.51.2440Maillard 2016, p. 270

Leucolla

  • FoundCesnola said he brought out large heads and fragments of stone sculpture at Leucolla.

    Beer 2002, p. 375

  • ExcavatedAfter several days of digging at Leucolla, Cesnola uncovered building foundations, sculpted heads, and stone sculpture fragments.

    heads and fragments of stone sculptureCesnola 1878, p. 191

Limassol

  • FoundCesnola found two inscribed plinths at the sanctuary of Zeus Labranios.

    two inscribed plinths with the feet of a figureHermary & Mertens 2014, p. 250

Maroni

  • ExcavatedprobablyThe author said Cesnola appeared to have opened some Late Cypriot tombs in the area.

    Steel 2001, p. 162

near Karavostasi

  • FoundMitford reported that Cesnola found the inscription near Karavostasi.

    inscription IGR iii, 930No. IGR iii, 930Mitford 1947, p. 203

nécropoles amathousiennes

  • FoundLuigi Palma Di Cesnola made discoveries in the Amathusian necropolises.

    découvertes dans les nécropoles amathousiennesHermary 2014, p. 240

Ormidhia

  • Excavateddi Cesnola unearthed two masked figurines from unspecified graves in the area of Ormidhia.

    No. cat. nos. 102, 103Averett 2015, p. 11

  • ExcavatedOhnefalsch-Richter said that Cesnola, among others, dug tombs at Ormidhia.

    Myres 1954, p. 39

Phasoula

  • SurveyedCesnola first reported the temple and identified the remains of an elliptical structure there.

    restes d'une construction elliptiqueKarageorghis 1959, p. 359

ravine near the temple of Apollo Hylates

  • FoundL. P. di Cesnola discovered about twenty-five statuettes farther west in the ravine.

    some twenty-five statuettes in calcareous stoneCesnola 1878, p. 345

region of Cape Greco

  • FoundpossiblyCesnola claimed to have found the crown fragment near Cape Greco, at a site he identified as Leucolla.

    fragment of a crown belonging to an over-lifesize statue of the Great GoddessNo. 74.51.2640Hermary & Mertens 2014, p. 265

sanctuary site to the east of Athienou, near the church of Ayios Photios

  • ExcavatedLuigi Palma di Cesnola excavated several sites in the region, including a sanctuary near Ayios Photios.

    enormous cache of sculpture and ceramicsCounts 2004, p. 176

site ancien connu près du village

  • FoundThe author reported that Cesnola claimed to have discovered a temple of Aphrodite at the site.

    un temple d'AphroditeKarageorghis 1997, p. 111

Stillarka

  • ExcavatedLuigi Palma di Cesnola excavated at the monoliths while trying to reach the bottom of one stone.

    better-preserved perforated stoneMaier 2004, p. 84

summit of the Kastro site

  • FoundpossiblyMitford reported Cesnola's claim that he discovered ruins on the summit.

    ruins of an elliptical structureMitford 1947, p. 208

temple

  • FoundLuigi Palma di Cesnola claimed that he found the bowls in a temple.

    inscribed bowlsFeldman 2014, p. 120

the field at Golgoi

  • FoundCesnola reported finding 32 statues, 26 bases, and masses of fragmentary body parts in the field.

    32 statues, 26 bases, and fragmentary body partsConnelly 1988, p. 76

tombs and sanctuaries of several Iron Age sites

  • ExcavatedLuigi Palma di Cesnola recovered a large quantity of artifacts from tombs and sanctuaries of several Iron Age sites.

    Fisher 2018, p. 1

vicinity of Maroni-Tsaroukkas

  • ExcavatedCesnola opened numerous tombs near the site he identified as the ancient city kingdom of Marion.

    Steel 2001, p. 162

West Acropolis

  • ExcavatedCesnola reported having many borings made at different places on the West Acropolis.

    borings on the West AcropolisStager et al. 1974, p. XXVI

West of the 'Temenos' at Salamis

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Sales, gifts & bequests

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Also: Augustus Henry Lane Fox Pitt Rivers, Captain Fothergill, Charles Newton, Felix-Bienaime Feuardent, Hiram Hitchcock, J. W. Flower, Robert Hamilton Lang, Robert Hoe, John Taylor Johnston, Theodore Peristianis, General Fox (numismatist), John Ruskin, Giancarlo Conestabile della Staffa, Thomas Backhouse Sandwith, George Menardos, Samuel Birch, Ernest Renan, Joseph H. Choate, William Collyer, Charles Balliard, Leland Stanford, Augustus Wollaston Franks, C. Rollin, Carl Anton Milani, Felix Slade, George Henry Boker, Georges Colonna Ceccaldi, Giovanni De-Agostini, Hasan (Hasen) of Dali, Henri Hoffmann, John Henderson, Joseph Owens, Jules Charvet, Louis Castan, Misses Norton, Napoleon III, Riccardo Colucci, Wilhelm Froehner, William Ewart Gladstone.

Family

Fieldwork & employment

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Also: Alessandro Koukomo, Andreas Vondiziano, Bostantus Beshes, Captain Andrea, Christofis Christodoulou, Demetrios Pierides, Dominique Albert Edouard Tiburce Colonna-Ceccaldi, Ernest Renan, Hadji Georgi Styllis, Hasan (Hasen) of Dali, Henry William Waddington, Karl (Carl) Friederichs, Léon Heuzey, Mr. Ripley, Mustafa, Vallosio.

Disputes & the law

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Also: Richard Watson Gilder, Olin A. Warner, Christofis Christodoulou, David George Hogarth, Louis Dyer, Dominique Albert Edouard Tiburce Colonna-Ceccaldi, Felix-Bienaime Feuardent, George Akamas, Mehemet Effendi Potamialick.

Scholarship

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Also: Moriz Schmidt, Baraezi, Dominique Albert Edouard Tiburce Colonna-Ceccaldi, Melchior de Vogüé, Samuel Birch, Alessandro Castellani, Ernest Renan, Heinrich Brunn, Heinrich Schliemann, Léon Heuzey, Roosevelt, C. W. King, François Lenormant, John Murray, Georges Perrot, Karl Richard Lepsius, Ludwig Stern, Alberto Gamba, Alexandre Bertrand, Wilhelm Deecke, Salomon Reinach, Demetrios Pierides, Samuel Putnam Avery, John Linton Myres, Olivier Masson, Terence Bruce Mitford, Elizabeth McFadden, Cornelius C. Vermeule III, R. D. Barnett, F. G. Lo Porto, Cecilia Beer, Frieda Vandenabeele, Diana Buitron, Helena Wylde Swiny, Joan R. Mertens, Marice E. Rose, Vassos Karageorghis, M.L. Moncassoli Tibone, Maria Cristina Preacco, Silvana Di Paolo, Antoine Hermary, Ann-Marie Knoblauch, Anna Cannavò, Alessandro (Alexander) Palma di Cesnola, Archibald Henry Sayce, Aziz Pasha, Charles Chipiez, Ernst Curtius, Gloria S. Merker, John Taylor Johnston, Kevin Herbert, Napoléon Antoine Aimé Péretié, Wilhelm Froehner.

Colleagues & contacts

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Also: Louis Castan, Ludolf Stephani, Mehemet Bey, Papa Petro, Rada y Delgado, Reginald Stuart Poole, Robert Hamilton Lang, V. Delbergue-Cormont, William Cowper Prime, Ariodante Fabretti, Gaston Louis Feuardent, W. H. Seward, Charles Newton, Hiram Hitchcock, J. S. Morgan, Russell Sturgis, Stephen Thompson, William T. Blodgett, Alessandro (Alexander) Palma di Cesnola, Nicolaos Vondiziano, Rev. Mr. Leeds, Pach, Philipp Dethier, Franz von Löher, George Henry Boker, Giancarlo Conestabile della Staffa, Isaac Holister Hall, Justus Siegismund, Osman Aga, Samuel Birch, Edwin Henry Lawrence, F. Ravaisson, George Smith, Heinrich Schliemann, John Murray, S. W. Crawford, William Ewart Gladstone, Alexander Stuart Murray, C. W. King, Demetrios Pierides, W. Helbig, Charles Clermont-Ganneau, Georges Perrot, Charles Patrick Daly, Frederick A. P. Barnard, John Quincy Adams Ward, George Gibson, N. P. Tsikinis, Henri de Morgan, Mr. Stickney, Nathaniel Shipman, Weston, G. R. Halm, Ferdinand Dümmler, Max Ohnefalsch-Richter, William James Stillman, Vicomte Eugène de Castillon de Saint-Victor, David George Hogarth, Ernest Arthur Gardner, Louis Dyer, M. R. James, William Goodyear, Leland Stanford, Yiorgos Frangoudes, Ieronymos K. Peristianis, Calvin Tomkins, Elizabeth McFadden, Stuart Swiny, Haris Yiakoumis, Anna G. Marangou, A. L. Rawson, Alexander D. Savage, Andreas Vondiziano, Athanasios A. Sakellarios, Augustus J. Johnson, Charles Balliard, Dominique Albert Edouard Tiburce Colonna-Ceccaldi, Edward Joy Morris, Emily Howe Hitchcock, Ernst Curtius, Felice Finzi, Felix-Bienaime Feuardent, François Lenormant, Georges Colonna Ceccaldi, Janet Daniels Schenck, John H. Goodenow, John Ruskin, John Taylor Johnston, Karl (Carl) Friederichs, Lennon, McVeah, Michel Bréal, Mr. Cosma, Mr. Rhinelander (Metropolitan Museum trustee), R. D. Barnett, Roswell Dwight Hitchcock, Stanley Moss, Theodore Gehlen, Thomas Backhouse Sandwith.

Recording and study

39 records
Catalogued1
Published11
Show 3 more

  • 1903L.P. di Cesnola published a group of small silver plaques from Curium with heads of a single goddess.

    Small silver plaques with heads of a single goddessBailey & Hockey 2001, p. 118

  • General Cesnola described remarkable tombs with Doric fronts at New Paphos in his Cyprus.

    Gardner et al. 1888, p. 266

  • Cesnola published the cippus in Atlas I.

    A limestone funerary cippusNo. Atlas I, pl. CXXII, no. 904Karageorghis 1997, p. 121

Studied2
Restored2

  • 1875Cesnola was assembling the sarcophagus fragments when von Löher visited.

    les fragments du sarcophageLarnacaMasson 1990, p. 16

  • Cesnola acknowledged that he repaired 1200 to 1300 stone pieces in the museum.

    1200 to 1300 stone pieces of the museumMetropolitan Museum of ArtMarangou 2000, p. 327

Photographed3

  • 1870Cesnola's album identified photographs of objects found in the temple of Venus at Golgos as taken by him.

    objets trouvés dans le temple de Vénus à GolgosMasson & Hermary 1993, p. 26

  • Cesnola made the first photographs of his collection in a room in the Museum.

    antiquities in the Larnaca MuseumLarnacaMarangou 2000, p. 207

  • Cesnola photographed his collection in Cyprus and during attempts to sell it in London.

    glass in his collectionCyprus and LondonLightfoot 2017, p. 15

Curated3

  • 1873Luigi Palma di Cesnola installed his collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

    With Metropolitan Museum of Arthis antiquities collectionNew YorkTatton-Brown 2001, p. 168

  • Cesnola managed the collection's listing and arrangement in the new museum.

    Cypriot antiquities in the Cesnola CollectionMetropolitan Museum of ArtMarangou 2000, p. 292

  • Luigi Palma di Cesnola classified and arranged the objects in the new museum.

    tous les objets dans le nouveau MuséeCentral ParkMasson 1988, p. 12

Employed by4
Found2

  • 1874The article reports that Cesnola claimed to have found the Treasure of Kourion at Kourion.

    Herscher 1995, p. 287

  • L. Palma di Cesnola said he found two other large stone vases at Amathunta that were too broken to remove.

    Fivel 1990, p. 12

Connected with2
Surveyed2

  • Cesnola surveyed the ground and discovered a cluster of fifty graves occupying about half an acre near Kouklia.

    Cesnola 1878, p. 215

  • Cesnola explored the surrounding hills and mountains in search of the ancient copper mines of Amathus.

    possible ancient copper minesthe mountains near Amathus and TamassusCesnola 1878, p. 284

Directed1
Founded1
Catalogued the collection of1
Employed1
Other work3

  • 1876possiblyLuigi Palma di Cesnola wrote that he made a two-day visit to Polis, possibly in 1876.

    Childs et al. 2012, p. 28

  • Cesnola later reassigned the findspots of terracottas and syllabic inscriptions to other sites.

    terrecotte e iscrizioni sillabicheCipro occidentalePaolo 2010, p. 80

  • The catalogue stated that Cesnola sawed flat the lower part of the statuette.

    lower part of a draped female statuetteNo. 74.51.2558 (Myres 1262)Karageorghis et al. 2000, p. 342

Objects

  • Limestone sarcophagus (the Amathus sarcophagus), Cypro-Archaic

    From AmathusMetropolitan Museum of Art, New York 74.51.24531875Metropolitan Museum of Art…Marangou 2000

  • Limestone statue of a male votary, first half of 5th c. BCE

    Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 74.51.24581872–1876Metropolitan Museum of Art…

  • Limestone votary, bearded, with wreath (179 cm), Cypro-Classical

    Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 74.51.24621872–1876Metropolitan Museum of Art…

  • Marble anthropoid sarcophagus, Graeco-Phoenician

    Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 74.51.24541872–1876Metropolitan Museum of Art…

  • Four-handled krater with lid (Euboean Geometric, the Cesnola Painter), 130.8 cm

    Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 74.51.9651872–1876Metropolitan Museum of Art…

  • Pair of gold bracelets, Cypriot, 6th-5th c. BCE

    Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 74.51.3554-35551872–1876Metropolitan Museum of Art…

  • Syllabic inscription from Golgoi (ICS 261)

    From GolgoiMetropolitan Museum of Art, New York 74.51.23171870–1872Masson 1996

  • Nine small ex-voto statuettes labelled 'Ruins Golgoi temple 1865'

    From GolgoiPitt Rivers Museum, Oxford 1884.56/91-99May 1871Masson 1996

  • Small amphora with a human face (VI c. BCE), 20 cm

    Musee d'Archeologie nationale, Saint-Germain-en-Laye 22.2311874Masson 1996

  • Series of antiquities from the Paris sale, including an inscribed base from Salamis

    From SalamisMusee du Louvre, Paris Inventory N 3519-3532March 1870Masson 1996

  • About forty objects bought at the 1870 Paris sale

    Musee Borely, Marseille numbers in the 1870 sale catalogue, noted by Froehner for the 1897 Marseille catalogueMarch 1870Masson 1996

  • Small lot of terracottas bought through Rollin and Feuardent

    British Museum, London 1871.7-8,1-6July–August 1871Masson 1996

  • Series of vases (over 80), terracottas and miscellaneous pieces, bought direct from Cesnola through Birch

    From CyprusBritish Museum, London 1876.9-9,1-127September 1876Masson 1996

  • Cup from Amathus (1875) given to Ruskin; reached the BM 1931. A shield from Amathus reached the BM in 1972

    From AmathusBritish Museum, London WA Dept 1230531931Masson 1996

  • Cypriot vases, terracottas, sculpture (Cesnola gifts to Berlin from the 1869 purchase)

    From CyprusStaatliche Museen zu Berlin, Antikensammlung vases catalogued by Furtwangler; accession numbers not seen1869Masson 1996

  • Vases, terracottas and limestone statuettes

    From CyprusKunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna not seen1869Masson 1996

  • Cypriot antiquities given to the Academy of Sciences, Turin, later the Museo di Antichita

    From Cyprus (Golgoi finds period)Museo di Antichita, Turin published Lo Porto 1986; numbers not seenJune 1870Masson 1996

  • Vases 72.1-133, terracottas 72.134-203, bronzes, sculpture

    From CyprusMuseum of Fine Arts, Boston 72.1-72.203 and later 72.xMay 1872Masson 1996

  • About 90 vases 'Cypern, Sammlung Cesnola'

    From CyprusStaatliche Antikensammlungen, Munich 2029-2120 (Brunn inventory March 1876)March 1876Masson 1996

  • Glass vessels 'formerly in the collection of L. Palma di Cesnola' and the 'Temple girl' statuette

    From CyprusFitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge GR.1.1876 (glass series); GR.1.1917 (statuette)1876Masson 1996

  • Vase with a woman's head (Idalion), ex Barre, Piot, Rollin, De Clercq no. 563

    From IdalionAshmolean Museum, Oxford 1974.4371974Masson 1996

  • Ex-Cesnola vases from an exchange with the Metropolitan

    Ashmolean Museum, Oxford not seen1911Masson 1996

  • About 5,000 'duplicates' of the Cesnola Collection

    From CyprusStanford University Museum not seen (terracotta catalogue 1964)1896Masson 1996

  • At least 13 Temple boys, Pyla statuettes ex R. H. Lang through Cesnola, many vases

    From Cyprus (Pyla for the Lang statuettes, per Masson)John and Mable Ringling Museum, Sarasota not seenMarch–April 1928Masson 1996

  • Five Temple boys (Roanoke, Virginia, first in the public library, then the Museum of Fine Arts)

    From CyprusRoanoke Museum of Fine Arts not seen1928Masson 1996

  • 23 Cypriot objects (glass, sculpture, vases, terracottas), e.g. Red Polished III amphora NM48.270, Red Polished II bowl NM48.271

    From CyprusNicholson Museum, University of Sydney NM48.270-278; NM47.348; NM64.467 (others)January 1927Barker & Merrillees 2017, pp. 51-71

  • Series of Cypriot objects given to Hiram Hitchcock

    From CyprusDartmouth College, Hanover not seenc. 1871Masson 1996

Discussed in documents

Also named in

On Ancient Cyprus

40 pages

Sources

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