Ancient CyprusAncient Cyprus

Excavator · Dealer · Agent · Antiquities official

Max Ohnefalsch-Richter

Max Hermann Ohnefalsch-Richter

1850–1917 · Germany

German press correspondent who reached Cyprus in 1878 and dug there for the British Museum, the Cyprus Museum, private syndicates and Berlin; his finds went to museums in Germany and Vienna.

Max Ohnefalsch-Richter

Biography

Matthias Recke names Max Ohnefalsch-Richter as the main source of the German trade in Cypriot antiquities, and Berlin alone received over 2,000 objects through him11. He arrived on the island in 1878 as a newspaper correspondent and left in 1890 as an excavator who had worked for the British Museum, the Cyprus Museum, colonial officials, a Marion syndicate and the Royal Prussian Museums1,4.

He was born on 7 April 1850 at Sohland am Rotstein in Saxon Upper Lusatia, on his father's estate, and was trained to farm. His own curriculum vitae, printed in his 1891 Leipzig dissertation and quoted by Buchholz, lists Gymnasium at Görlitz, an apprenticeship on farms, five semesters at Halle from 1869 and a short stay in the 2nd Guard Dragoons in Berlin, from which he was discharged in 1873. He then lived mostly in Italy until 1878, painting, photographing and writing1. When Britain occupied Cyprus that year he was in Munich, and he went to the island as a correspondent, illustrator and photographer. He said he carried a recommendation from the German Reichskanzleramt and later told Falkland Warren that Bismarck had recommended him; Stefan Schmid finds no trace of an official commission in the archives, and judges that any recommendation concerned his journalism4.

Digging for Newton and the Museum

In 1879 he watched, photographed and measured the demolition of the harbour fill at Kition-Bamboula and published on it in Das Ausland. He dated his own career as an archaeologist from 18801. Schmid lists 1880 to 1883 as the years he worked chiefly for Charles Newton and the British Museum, at the Kition cemeteries, Salamis, Mari, Kochi, Achna, Ormidhia, Xylotymbou, Alambra, Idalion and Phoenikiais4. Thomas Kiely describes these as privately funded, small-scale excavations whose finds the Museum registered under Newton's agent Cobham5. In 1881 he served for a time as superintendent of works for replanting, assistant to the French forester Madon1.

From 1883 he dug for the new Cyprus Museum at Chytroi, Voni, Ayios Yannis, Katydata, Soloi, Lapithos and Ayia Paraskevi, and increasingly for private clients: Kourion for Warren and S. Brown, Idalion and Nikitari for Charles Watkins, Tamassos for Falkland Warren and Marion for Watkins, J. W. Williamson and Charles Christian3,4. He styled himself "Consulting Archaeologist and Superintendent of Excavations", and claimed to have co-founded the Museum1.

Cesnola, Phrangissa and Marion

In October 1883 the Cyprus Herald printed his summary of what Cesnola's foreman Theocharis had said about Kourion. In 1885, with Ferdinand Dümmler and before witnesses, he examined the spot where Luigi Palma di Cesnola placed the "Curium Treasure" and found undisturbed earth at a shallow depth, which the Chronicle of Excavations calls a denial of Cesnola's story1,3. Marangou, drawing on Cesnola's letters to his agent George Menardos, reports that Cesnola read the article in New York and told Menardos to find a lawyer for a libel action against Richter; the case was taken by a Mr Collyre, but it was thought pointless to sue a man regarded as a "foul personality"6. In 1893 Richter lectured against Cesnola in New York, Philadelphia and Boston1.

In October 1885 he dug the Apollo sanctuary at Tamassos-Phrangissa, not under his own licence1. Warren later wrote to Newton that Richter, while in Warren's pay, had found the temple and kept it secret in favour of Watkins1. The dispute between Watkins and Warren went to court, where Richter gave evidence; Fivel cites his words there on the order in which he dug his sites13. In March 1887 Richter wrote to High Commissioner Bulwer that Warren was trying to remove him as curator and that he had "nothing to eat, no credit and debts to the postmaster"1.

In 1886 he opened 441 tombs at Polis tis Chrysochou for the Watkins, Williamson and Christian syndicate; Christian died of fever during the work1. The syndicate's collection was auctioned at the Hôtel Drouot in Paris on 27 and 28 May 1887, with an unsigned catalogue that Marie-Christine Hellmann attributes to Wilhelm Froehner; Berlin took about 300 objects and the Louvre and Copenhagen also bought11,15,16.

Selling

Fivel stresses that Richter was never an official dealer. He sold as a private person, buying from local diggers or their intermediaries as well as selling shares from licensed digs13. In 1884 he brokered the marble Artemis of Larnaca to the Vienna museum for 6,500 francs, taking 600 francs commission; between 1884 and 1895 Vienna received 176 objects from him14. Recke records about 500 objects from the Idalion sanctuary to Berlin in 1887, about 170 from a looted sanctuary at Limniti in 1888, about 800 from the Tamassos dig of 1889 and about 300 from Idalion in 1894. Karlsruhe took about 200 pieces in three stages between 1887 and 189511. Over 200 gold items went to Düsseldorf in 1890, most of them stolen in 191611. Bulwer's Tamassos pieces, which Buchholz says Richter gave him, became the core of the Fitzwilliam Museum's Cypriot collection from 18921.

When the Cyprus Exploration Fund was founded in 1887 he hoped to lead it. He wrote that he had been "pushed on one side"1. In 1889 he dug at Tamassos for the Royal Prussian Museums until a telegram from Berlin stopped the work on 20 October1. He left Cyprus in October 1890 and settled in Berlin in April 18911.

Berlin and after

Kypros, die Bibel und Homer appeared in German and English in 1893; his "Tamassos und Idalion" was announced and never printed1. In 1894 and 1895 he returned to dig at Politiko, Idalion and elsewhere with funds from the Virchow-Stiftung and the Kaiser1,4. In January and March 1895 he offered antiquities to the University Museum in Philadelphia through Schroeder & Co. of Trieste, and Fivel found six circular sale letters of 1895 among Théophile Homolle's papers. One offered 24 objects from a single tomb for 1,250 francs and warned that provenance could not be trusted1,13.

In 1896 he exhibited and sold his stock at the Berlin trade exhibition. The banker Valentin Weisbach rescued him in July, Rudolf Virchow placed 243 pieces with the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum in Mainz, and Weisbach gave the rest to the Leipzig Museum für Völkerkunde in December 1898. That material is now in the Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Berlin12. Recke finds no later sales by him11.

With John Myres he reorganised the Cyprus Museum in 1894 and 1895 and produced the Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum (Oxford, 1899), with its "Chronicle of Excavations". Buchholz judges Myres's share very considerable1,3.

In February 1910 he returned to Cyprus and learned from Kleanthis Pierides of clandestine diggers at Rantidi. On 8 and 9 May he and Kurt Koritzky visited the site, watched by three policemen, and Koritzky alone signed the permit request of 10 May. The Berlin Academy obtained a permit for Robert Zahn, who dug from 30 August to 7 October, and Richter photographed the site and reported on it in The Times and other papers2. Olivier Masson concludes that without his activity the site would not have been located and Zahn's excavation would not have taken place2. His last article appeared in the Pall Mall Magazine in 19141. He died in Berlin in 19177.

Life and work

  1. 7 April 1850
    Born on his father's estate at Sohland am Rotstein, son of Protestant parents, intended for farming.

    Sohland am RotsteinBuchholz 1989

  2. 1866–1873
    Gymnasium at Goerlitz (leaving 1866), a year at the Gewerbeschule, farm apprenticeship 1867, five semesters at Halle from winter 1869, farm work near Halberstadt 1872, discharged from the 2nd Guard Dragoons for ill health early 1873.

    Buchholz 1989

  3. 1873–1878
    Lived mainly in Italy: painting, photography, art-historical study and first writing; in 1878 in Munich perfecting photography under the court photographer Albert.

    Buchholz 1989

  4. September 1878
    Went to Cyprus as newspaper correspondent, illustrator and photographer with a recommendation from the German Reichskanzleramt (his own statement; Schmid finds no trace of an official commission in the archives).

    CyprusBuchholz 1989Schmid 2025

  5. 1879
    First digging and observation at Larnaca-Kition (sanctuaries, Bamboula/acropolis); measured and drew the Bamboula demolition; first article in Das Ausland.

    LarnacaBuchholz 1989

  6. 1880
    Dates his 'career as archaeologist' to 1880: Larnaca-Kition north necropolis and Salamis for Newton/British Museum; writes in Jan. 1881 that he has directed the Larnaca excavations for the BM 'for months'.

    LarnacaBuchholz 1989Schmid 2025

  7. 1881
    Becomes 'Superintendent of Works for Replanting' / second forest officer, assistant to the French expert P. Madon (his wife's account); detached from the BM digs for this period.

    CyprusBuchholz 1989

  8. 1882
    Achna (sanctuary of Artemis, over 1,000 figures), Ormidhia, Xylotymbou and a Roman house with mosaic at Salamis, for the BM.

    AchnaMyres & Ohnefalsch-Richter 1899Schmid 2025

  9. 1883
    Alambra, Phoenikiais, Idalion for the BM; Voni, Chytroi, Ayios Yannis, Katydata/Linou, Soloi and others for the Cyprus Museum; Kourion as Government Inspector at Williamson's and Chard's dig, then for Warren and S. Brown (1883-84).

    Schmid 2025Myres & Ohnefalsch-Richter 1899Buchholz 1989

  10. October 1883
    Summarised in the Cyprus Herald (6 Oct. 1883) the recollections of Cesnola's foreman Theocharis about Kourion, opening his attack on the 'Curium Treasure'; Cesnola then told his Cyprus agent to bring a libel action against him.

    NicosiaBuchholz 1989Marangou 2000

  11. 1884
    June to mid-November: lecture and fund-raising journey through Greece, Vienna, Munich, London, Paris, Marseille, Hungary, Romania and Turkey; failed to find a backer for Idalion; sold ethnographica and antiquities to the Vienna museums and was paid 600 francs as go-between for the Larnaca marble Artemis (letters of Aug.-Sept. 1884 in Vienna).

    Buchholz 1989

  12. December 1884
    Letter of 4 Dec. 1884: with the banker Watkins and D. Pierides he is choosing antiquities 'to send to Hoffmann, Paris, for the auction'; also starting a small dig at Ayia Paraskevi (Nicosia).

    LarnacaBuchholz 1989

  13. 27 July 1884 – 29 October 1884
    Brokered the sale of the marble 'Artemis of Larnaca' (found at Larnaca/Kition in 1880) to the Vienna Antikensammlung. He first took it to Paris where the Louvre refused the price; on 27 July 1884 he offered it in Vienna on behalf of a Parisian dealer; the Oberstkämmereramt approved purchase on 29 Oct. 1884 for 6,500 francs (about 3,000 florins), of which Richter received 600 francs commission.

    ViennaBernhard-Walcher et al. 1999Buchholz 1989

  14. 1884
    Summer-autumn trip to Vienna as his first approach to European museums: sold six antiquities to the Imperial Antikensammlung (cat. nos. 31, 32, 52, 98) and 57 archaeological objects (mostly Bronze Age duplicates from Ayia Paraskevi) to the Anthropological-Ethnographic Department of the Naturhistorisches Museum.

    ViennaBernhard-Walcher et al. 1999

  15. 1884–1895
    Total for Vienna: 176 objects acquired from Ohnefalsch-Richter between 1884 and 1895, the largest single group in the KHM Cypriot collection (cat. nos. in the 1999 catalogue).

    ViennaBernhard-Walcher et al. 1999

  16. 1885
    Idalion Feb.-Apr. (Aphrodite sanctuary, with Watkins); Katydata-Linou (May-June); Amathus (leased plot); Psematismenos; Lythrodontas; Politiko-Lambertis and Alakati for Warren; digs with Duemmler (Alambra, Kourion, Idalion, Laxia, Psematismenos).

    Buchholz 1989Schmid 2025Myres & Ohnefalsch-Richter 1899

  17. 1885
    With Ferdinand Duemmler examined, before witnesses, the spot at Kourion where Cesnola claimed to have found the 'Curium Treasure': undisturbed earth at small depth. Cesnola wrote to his Limassol lawyer (4 Sept. 1885) to find out whether Duemmler was a real scholar and not 'deceived by that man Richter'.

    KourionMyres & Ohnefalsch-Richter 1899Buchholz 1989

  18. 17 October 1885 – 2 November 1885
    Dug the Apollo sanctuary at Tamassos-Phrangissa, not under his own licence, found on 4 Oct. after a shepherd's information; digging ran for Warren while Watkins had applied for the same site.

    PolitikoBuchholz 1989

  19. 1885–1894
    Warren's Tamassos-Phrangissa finds of 1885 were later offered to Canadian authorities (first contact in Ottawa 1894) without Richter's knowledge; Royal Ontario Museum inv. 958.61.280 and .302 appear in the photomontage caption of the Recke 2018 volume.

    TorontoBuchholz 1989Recke 2018

  20. 1886
    Marion (Polis tis Chrysochou): 441 tombs for an 'Ausgrabungsgesellschaft' of Watkins, J. W. Williamson and C. Christian (Christian died of fever during the work); excavation diary kept by E. Foot; finds sold at Paris in 1887.

    Polis tis ChrysochouBuchholz 1989Myres & Ohnefalsch-Richter 1899

  21. 1887
    Cyprus Exploration Fund founded; O.-R. hoped to lead it and was passed over: 'I, who was the cause of it being started, was pushed on one side' (KBH 515, quoted by Buchholz).

    Buchholz 1989

  22. March 1887
    Three letters (1, 20, 25 March) to High Commissioner Bulwer complaining that Warren was trying to have him removed as museum curator and had removed a vase from his sealed house; he asks for money, with no credit left and debts to the postmaster.

    NicosiaBuchholz 1989

  23. 1887–1888
    Prints the journal The Owl in his own press in Nicosia (no. 1 out 11 Sept. 1888); travels with Eugen Oberhummer; discovers the Idalion east-acropolis sanctuary area (1887); excavates there in 1888 with German government support.

    NicosiaBuchholz 1989Myres & Ohnefalsch-Richter 1899

  24. 1887
    Sold to the Berlin museums roughly 500 objects from his Idalion Aphrodite-sanctuary dig, done for Charles Watkins. Furtwängler arbitrated: in Feb. 1887 he offered the Karlsruhe director Wagner part of 'over 600 pieces from an old Aphrodite sanctuary near Dali' as too much for Berlin; Karlsruhe took 151 pieces.

    BerlinRecke 2012Buchholz 1989

  25. 1887
    Paris auction (Hôtel Drouot, 27-28 May 1887, Delestre and Hoffmann, catalogue by Froehner) of the Polis/Arsinoe finds from his 1886 Marion dig, exported by Watkins and Christian; Richter named as excavator. Buyers named: Berlin museums (about 300 objects, per Recke), the Louvre/Paris museums, Copenhagen, other cities. Kept distinct from the earlier Dec. 1884 Hoffmann consignment.

    ParisChilds et al. 2012Recke 2012Hellmann 1991, pp. 20-21Delestre & Hoffmann 1887

  26. 1887
    Bought for the Berlin museums at the Paris auction: about 300 Cypriot objects from the Marion necropolis.

    ParisRecke 2012

  27. 1887–1895
    Karlsruhe (Badisches Landesmuseum): about 200 objects in three stages 1887-95 (Idalion, Tamassos, Ledra); the 1887 purchase was 151 pieces from the Idalion Aphrodite sanctuary (per Buchholz citing Schürmann 1984), with Furtwängler as go-between; further sales on lecture trips in 1891 (letters 30 Jan. from Düsseldorf, 30 Mar. from Halle, 11 and 13 Apr. from Berlin; purchase order of the Baden ministry 3 Apr. 1891). Some Karlsruhe pieces came from the Nicosia dealer Martin Westorf.

    KarlsruheBuchholz 1989Recke 2012

  28. 1888
    Brokered to the Berlin museums the finds of a sanctuary at Limniti, looted by clandestine diggers: about 170 objects. Richter did not dig these.

    BerlinBuchholz 1989Recke 2012

  29. 1889
    Tamassos for the Royal Berlin Museums (Lambertis tombs, Ayios Mnason: Alakati, Bamboulari, Chomazoudia, 'royal necropolis'; Apollo sanctuary in the Pediaios bed from 3 Oct.); a Berlin telegram ordered the dig stopped on 20 Oct. 1889.

    PolitikoBuchholz 1989Schmid 2025

  30. 1889–1894
    Digs financed by Berlin: about 800 objects from Tamassos 1889 and 300 from Idalion 1894 went to Berlin. Recke: over 2,000 Cypriot objects reached the Berlin Antikensammlung within a few years (Idalion 500 + Marion auction 300 + Tamassos 800 + Idalion 1894 300 + Limniti 170).

    BerlinRecke 2012

  31. February 1890
    Toured Tamassos, Kouklia and Cape Greco with Wilhelm Doerpfeld and Richard Meister; Doerpfeld first noticed the inscribed stone ICS 11 at Kouklia, later in Berlin.

    KoukliaBuchholz 1989Masson 1985

  32. October 1890
    Left Cyprus via Athens, Trieste and Vienna, lecturing en route; settled provisionally in Berlin from April 1891.

    BerlinBuchholz 1989

  33. 1890
    Return journey via Vienna (Oct. 1890): 54 grave finds from Ayia Paraskevi, Dhali, Alambra and Tamassos to the Naturhistorisches Museum (cat. nos. 6, 17-19) and five pieces to the Austrian Museum of Art and Industry (cat. nos. 12, 40, 96, 99); included a bronze phiale from Amathous. Antikensammlung later swapped duplicates of the Millosicz collection for ten Richter pieces (cat. nos. 5, 11, 24, 57, 67, 97, 100, 101).

    ViennaBernhard-Walcher et al. 1999Buchholz 1989

  34. 1890–1893
    Via Richter, the director of the Düsseldorf Gewerbemuseum, Heinrich Frauberger, bought more than 200 Cypriot objects (chiefly gold jewellery) on an Orient trip (1890 per the gazetteer, 'probably through Ohnefalsch-Richter'); selection published by Frauberger as Nachtrag II to Kypros, die Bibel und Homer (1893), pp. 346-348, pl. 217. Most were stolen in a burglary in 1916; 22 gold items remain.

    DüsseldorfRecke 2012

  35. 1890–1899
    Sold bronzes and pottery to private buyers: the Munich painter Julius Naue (about 120 Cypriot objects; including an Early Bronze Age grave group from Psematismenos with daggers and a long sword, published in Naue 1903); the Strasbourg archaeologist Robert Forrer (vessels, terracottas, weapons, tools, jewellery); and Much in Vienna. Buchholz dates Naue and Much to about the 1896 lecture tour (before 1899).

    MunichRecke 2012Buchholz 1989

  36. 1891
    Leipzig doctoral dissertation Die antiken Cultusstaetten auf Kypros, signed Charlottenburg 28 Nov. 1891; sold finds to Karlsruhe on lecture tours (letters Jan.-Apr. 1891).

    CharlottenburgBuchholz 1989

  37. 1891–1892
    Sold a Cypriot collection to Dresden (Skulpturenssammlung, Albertinum): 1 stone sculpture, 35 ceramics, 10 terracottas, recorded as acquired through Ohnefalsch-Richter (the gazetteer gives 1891; the text 1892); war losses WWII. Also Bonn 1891/92: 13 stone sculptures, 93 ceramics, 20 terracottas, metal and a coin from his digs (mostly Lambertis 1889, Alambra, Larnaca, Dali, Amathus).

    DresdenRecke 2012

  38. March 1892
    Sir Henry Bulwer presented Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, with finds from Richter's Tamassos digs ('Bulwer-Coll., plot 1', Cambridge University Reporter 1 March 1892, signed J. H. Middleton); remainder noted 3 Apr. 1907 (plot 2), mostly dispersed to other museums except CVA material. Buchholz says Bulwer received numerous gifts from Richter, from which the Fitzwilliam core developed.

    CambridgeBuchholz 1989

  39. 1893
    Kypros, die Bibel und Homer (German and English), announced 'Tamassos und Idalion' (never published); spring lecture tour of New York, Philadelphia and Boston with articles against Cesnola (New York Daily Tribune 24 Apr.; New York Herald 16 May).

    New YorkBuchholz 1989

  40. 1894
    Return to Cyprus with Kaiser Wilhelm II's funds, Virchow Foundation money and Furtwaengler's oversight: Politiko-Lambertis, Idalion (for the Emperor), Nikolides and Ayios Sozomenos; article in The Times 7 Nov. 1894.

    CyprusBuchholz 1989Schmid 2025

  41. 1894
    Virchow-Stiftung-funded dig in the Lambertis necropolis, Tamassos: finds now in the Akademisches Kunstmuseum Bonn, the Berlin Antikensammlung, the Cyprus Museum and Cambridge.

    BerlinRecke 2012

  42. 1895
    From Jan. 1895 offered antiquities to museums, notably Philadelphia (shipping via Schroeder & Co., Trieste); sold to Vienna until July 1895; lived at Nisou near Idalion; worked with Myres on reorganising the Cyprus Museum; dug at Idalion 'for His Majesty the German Emperor'.

    NisouBuchholz 1989

  43. 1895
    Final Vienna delivery from Nicosia: 34 finds (vases, terracottas, bronzes) to the Naturhistorisches Museum and four to the Antikensammlung, including the Idalion (Dhali) voluted column capital found 1894 (cat. no. 103). Buchholz dates Vienna's last purchases from his offers to 22 July 1895.

    ViennaBernhard-Walcher et al. 1999Buchholz 1989

  44. 1895–1897
    Mannheim antiquities collection bought 96 ceramics, 6 terracottas, 2 lamps, 2 gold items, 12 metal objects and 2 spindle whorls from him (including Athienou and Laxia tou Riou finds); war losses.

    MannheimRecke 2012

  45. March–April 1895
    Six circular sale letters from Nisou (March-11 April 1895, listing 24, 90, 217, 39 and 93 objects) preserved in the Homolle papers, Institut de France MS 3874, with photographs. Of these, the letter of March (24 objects, bronze spearheads, spirals, a Mycenaean-influenced bull-head vessel, said to come from one tomb he bought for cash from a supplier) offers the lot for 1,250 francs; that of 2 April offers the contents of a tomb at Pyla (38 objects, a bronze hairpin with birds, Mycenaean vessels) for 1,250 francs plus a cylinder seal from Nikolides for 125 francs. He says he would have bought them for Berlin but 'we had not money enough'. Fivel notes he operated as a private person in the semi-legal conditions of the time; the Pyla tomb was 'plundered by peasants in 1895' (Myres and Richter 1899).

    Nisou, IdalionFivel 1996, pp. 29-35

  46. August 1895
    A month after the July 1895 Vienna sale he wrote to Froehner in Paris offering a large collection of Cypriot antiquities for sale 'unter der Hand' (he feared an auction) and needing money quickly; Brönner finds no evidence that Froehner or Henri Hoffmann took the offer.

    ParisTatton-Brown 2001, p. 198

  47. December 1895 – April 1896
    Stayed in London from late 1895 to Easter 1896, selling some antiquities (few sold), lecturing and meeting Queen Victoria and the Principal Librarian of the British Museum via Empress Friedrich and the Hereditary Prince Bernhard of Saxony-Meiningen; a Liverpool offer came too late as the antiquities were already on the way to Germany.

    LondonTatton-Brown 2001, pp. 199-200

  48. 1896
    Exhibited and sold his Cypriot stock at the Berlin Gewerbeausstellung; Valentin Weisbach bought a large collection and gave it to the Museum fuer Voelkerkunde, Leipzig; further lots to Naue (Munich) and Much (Vienna), and 243 pieces to Mainz through Virchow.

    BerlinBuchholz 1989

  49. 1 May 1896 – 15 October 1896
    Rented a pavilion (store no. 30/30a) in the 'Spezial-Ausstellung Kairo' at the Berlin Gewerbeausstellung (Treptow) and sold Cypriot and Asia Minor antiquities: by his own account 'thousands of small cheap decorative pieces' beside museum pieces. He told Virchow he and Magda had put their savings into antiquities worth about 60,000 Mark. Recke: over two million visitors; what was sold to private buyers cannot be reconstructed; he sometimes sold good pieces under value when stock ran short.

    BerlinTatton-Brown 2001, p. 200Recke 2012

  50. July 1896
    Valentin Weisbach, Berlin banker, relieved Richter's financial distress in early July 1896 (letter to Virchow, 6 July 1896); possibly a loan with the antiquities as security. After the exhibition closed (mid-Oct.) the unsold stock passed to Weisbach in 1896, through Virchow's mediation; a handwritten 44-page Leipzig catalogue lists the 'collections' with selling prices, totalling perhaps 35,433.95 Marks. Collections: Elite A and B (consecutively numbered), Gute A and B, Typen A, B, D, E, F.

    BerlinTatton-Brown 2001, pp. 200-202Recke 2012

  51. 1897
    Weisbach told to give away the antiquities: Richter wrote to Obst (Leipzig) that Weisbach had 'taken over all the antiquities I owned and gives them to museums'. The 'Gute Collection B' of 243 objects was handed to the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz via Virchow (gift of the Virchow-Stiftung; Recke gives 1898 for a collection of over 240 pieces, the Mainz gazetteer gives 1897 for 195 ceramics etc.).

    MainzTatton-Brown 2001, p. 202Recke 2012

  52. December 1898
    Weisbach gave the rest of the 1896 collections to the Museum für Völkerkunde, Leipzig, at Richter's urging (Obst, director). Leipzig holdings include limestone sculpture and pottery from Kition-Kamelarga, Lapithos-Sotiros, Limniti, Pyla and Nicosia-Ayia Paraskevi. In 1923 the Leipzig University Antikensammlung received part by exchange. In 1976 Leipzig's Weisbach/Ohnefalsch-Richter material was moved to East Berlin; exhibited in Poland 1987/88; the Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Berlin, now holds the 'Ohnefalsch-Richter/Weisbach' collection (publications by Hoffmann 1964-72 and Brönner 1999, 2001, 2004/05). No further sales by Richter are attested after this (Recke).

    LeipzigTatton-Brown 2001, p. 202Recke 2012

  53. 1899
    A Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum with a Chronicle of Excavations (Oxford) with J. L. Myres; Buchholz thinks Myres's share was considerable, Magda allows only 'occasional help'.

    OxfordBuchholz 1989Myres & Ohnefalsch-Richter 1899

  54. 1900
    Context: Karlsruhe bought further Cypriot pieces in 1900 from the Nicosia dealer Martin Westorf (via R. Hesse), Richter's 1895 contact; Karlsruhe had earlier (1885) received a gift from Julius Naue 'probably from Richter'.

    KarlsruheRecke 2012

  55. February 1910
    Arrived in Cyprus; learned from the Limassol merchant Kleanthis Pierides of clandestine diggers at Rantidi; 8-9 May with Kurt Koritzky visited the site, in poor standing with the British authorities and watched by three police; circular letter from Limassol 10 May to Doerpfeld, Meister, Euting, Lidzbarski, Treu and Paul Herrmann.

    RantidiMasson 1985

  56. August 1910
    Permit of 22 Aug. 1910 went to Robert Zahn for the Royal Prussian Academy; Zahn dug 30 Aug. to 7 Oct. O.-R. had no official role, revisited Rantidi on 22/23 or 27 Aug. and took photographs; Zahn recorded that O.-R. used Zahn's absence to visit the site, take photographs and squeeze two surface inscriptions.

    RantidiMasson 1985Buchholz 1989Schmid 2025

  57. 1913
    Magda's Griechische Sitten und Gebraeuche auf Cypern finished at Monte Carlo, September 1913, from the photograph album the couple presented to the Kaiser and Kaiserin.

    Monte CarloBuchholz 1989

  58. 1914
    Last publication: 'Cyprus, its Ancient Civilization', Pall Mall Magazine, June 1914; applied to Wilhelm II in January 1914 (per Schmid).

    LondonBuchholz 1989Schmid 2025

Through their hands

95 records

Came from

Own excavations×154
Valentin Weisbach1896
Ernest Thomas Charles Joly
Looters1878 ×2
Sources not named1882 ×7
Ein Bauer1894
Tomb-robbers1894
A peasant of Alámbra1895
L'un de ses fournisseurs1895

and 5 more in the ledger

Max Ohnefalsch-Richter

Went to

1884 ×3British Museum
1884Anthropological-Ethnographic Department of the Vienna Natural History Museum
1884Antikensammlung
1884Imperial collection
1887Berliner Museen
1890 ×2Kunsthistorisches Museum
1890Austrian Museum of Art and Industry
1890Universitätsmuseum Philadelphia
1891Hungarian National Museum

and 30 more in the ledger

SaleLoan or consignmentPassed onWho objects came from and went to, as the sources record it
  1. 1878–1890

    SaleMax Ohnefalsch-Richter sold his spoils to foreign museums and individuals.

    With foreign museums and individualsKarageorghis 2000, p. 240

  2. 1878–1890

    PurchaseMax Ohnefalsch-Richter bought antiquities from looters.

    With lootersKarageorghis 2000, p. 240

  3. 1882

    AcquisitionMax Ohnefalsch-Richter collected a female head in Cyprus.

    No. MS 149; Catalogue #249Romano 2006, p. 1

  4. 1883–1885

    ExportOhnefalsch-Richter brought sculptures discovered at Idalion to Germany.

    sculptures from IdalionCounts 2001, p. 135

  5. 1884

    TransferThe British Museum acquired pottery and Hellenistic material from M. Ohnefalsch-Richter.

    Passed objects to British Museumpottery of the Early and Middle Bronze Age from Phoinikias and Hellenistic material from SalamisCook 1979, p. 4

  6. 1884

    SaleOhnefalsch-Richter sold six selected antiquities to the Imperial collection.

    Sold to Imperial collectionNo. cat. nos. 31, 32, 52, 98ViennaBernhard-Walcher et al. 1999, p. 44

  7. 1884–1895

    TransferOhnefalsch-Richter brought new finds, including 54 tomb articles, for the department.

    Passed objects to Anthropological-Ethnographic Department of the Vienna Natural History Museum54 tomb articles from Ayia Paraskevi, Dhali, Alambra and TamassosNo. cat. nos. 6, 17–19ViennaBernhard-Walcher et al. 1999, p. 44Bernhard-Walcher et al. 1999, p. 124

  8. 1884

    NoteRichter mediated the statue's sale to the Collection and received 600 francs.

    Connected with Imperial and Royal Collection of AntiquitiesMarble statue of Artemis600 francsParisBernhard-Walcher et al. 1999, p. 44Tatton-Brown 2001, p. 249Violaris 2001, p. 249

  9. 1884–1895

    TransferThe Antikensammlung acquired the boat model from Max Ohnefalsch-Richter in an exchange.

    Passed objects to AntikensammlungModel of a boat, cat. no. 57No. V 1501Bernhard-Walcher et al. 1999, p. 139Bernhard-Walcher et al. 1999, p. 200

  10. 1884

    AcquisitionO-R. acquired a Babylonian gold ring at Zárukas.

    Babylonian gold ring engraved with two seated deitiesMyres & Ohnefalsch-Richter 1899, p. II

  11. 1884

    OfferOhnefalsch-Richter offered the statuette to the Vienna museum under commission from a Parisian antique dealer.

    With the museum in ViennaArtemis of Larnaca marble statuetteNo. cat. no. 36500 francsBernhard-Walcher et al. 1999, p. 44

  12. 1884

    RecordOhnefalsch-Richter received 600 francs as commission from the statuette’s sale.

    Artemis of Larnaca statuetteNo. cat. no. 3600 francsBernhard-Walcher et al. 1999, p. 44

Show 83 more
  1. 1884

    RecordOhnefalsch-Richter requested a commission for mediating the sale of the marble Artemis from Larnaka.

    With unnamed parties to the sale600 Goldfranken commissionMarseilleTatton-Brown 2001, p. 209

  2. 1885

    AcquisitionMax Ohnefalsch-Richter collected a ram fragment at Chytroi.

    animal fragment: ramNo. MS 154; Catalogue #254Acropolis at Chytroi, CyprusRomano 2006, p. 7

  3. 1885

    RecordThe Frangissa finds had been installed in Ohnefalsch-Richter’s house in Nicosia.

    finds from Frangissahis house in NicosiaTatton-Brown 2001, p. 257

  4. 1886

    NoteWarren wrote that Richter refused to give him the vase.

    Connected with Falkland WarrenBuchholz 2001, p. 210Tatton-Brown 2001, p. 208Vandenabeele 2001, p. 186

  5. 1887

    SaleMax Ohnefalsch-Richter sold the Berlin museums around 500 objects from the Idalion excavation.

    Sold to Berliner Museenrund 500 Objekte aus der Grabung im Aphrodite-Heiligtum von IdalionRecke 2012, p. 93

  6. 1887

    SaleA part of Ohnefalsch-Richter's collection was sold at the Hoffmann sale in Paris.

    With acheteurs non nommés à la vente Hoffmannune partie de la collection d'Ohnefalsch-RichterVandenabeele 1994, p. 20

  7. 1889

    CollectionThe stele from Tomb 5 became the property of Pasquale, Evstathoos Konstantinides, and M. O.-Richter at the division.

    Stele mit den beiden Löwen aus SteinBamboulari-NekropoleBuchholz 2007, p. 236

  8. 1890–1895

    SaleMax Ohnefalsch-Richter offered antiquities to the museum of the University of Philadelphia.

    Sold to Universitätsmuseum PhiladelphiaantiquitésBuchholz 1989, p. 17Fivel 1996, p. 29Romano 2006, p. 1Romano 2006, p. 58

  9. 1890–1895

    SaleOhnefalsch-Richter sold the Idalion capital to the Kunsthistorisches Museum.

    Sold to Kunsthistorisches Museumlarge capital from the Idalion acropolisNo. I 717ViennaHermary 1990, p. 24Masson & Hermary 1988, p. 9

  10. 1890

    TransferOhnefalsch-Richter brought five finds for the Austrian Museum of Art and Industry.

    Passed objects to Austrian Museum of Art and IndustryNo. cat. nos. 12, 40, 96, 99ViennaBernhard-Walcher et al. 1999, p. 44Bernhard-Walcher et al. 1999, p. 112

  11. 1890

    TransferA provenance entry states that the jar was acquired from Ohnefalsch-Richter around 1890.

    three-handled piriform jar, Cat. no. 59No. Cat. no. 59Pezzi 2017, p. 108

  12. 1891

    SaleMax Ohnefalsch-Richter sold bronze objects to the Hungarian National Museum.

    Sold to Hungarian National MuseumNo. 129-150Csornay-Caprez 2000, p. 8Csornay-Caprez 2000, p. 82

  13. 1894

    AcquisitionMax Ohnefalsch-Richter acquired the tablet in 1894; a farmer brought it to him during his journey through the Mesaoria-Ebene.

    With ein Bauercyprische Thontafel mit kyprisch-syllbarer InschriftNo. Inv. Nr.: 74/772Brönner 1998, p. 42

  14. 1894

    AcquisitionOhnefalsch-Richter acquired many finds, mostly from tomb-robbers, for his antique business.

    With tomb-robbersMany archaeological finds, mostly from tomb-robbersCyprusBernhard-Walcher et al. 1999, p. 43

  15. 1895

    SaleMax Ohnefalsch-Richter sent antiquity offers that Théophile Homolle received.

    Sold to Théophile Homolleoffres d'antiquitésFivel 1996, p. 29

  16. 1895

    TransferFour articles from Ohnefalsch-Richter’s final delivery entered the Antiquities Collection.

    Passed objects to Antiquities CollectionFour additional articles, including a column capital found in DhaliNo. cat. no. 103ViennaBernhard-Walcher et al. 1999, p. 44

  17. 1895

    SaleOhnefalsch-Richter sold Cypriot objects in Vienna.

    With unnamed buyersBrönner 2001, p. 198Tatton-Brown 2001, p. 198

  18. 1895

    PurchaseMax Ohnefalsch-Richter bought a tomb assemblage cash from one of his suppliers.

    With l'un de ses fournisseurscontenu d'une tombeFivel 1996, p. 29

  19. 1895

    AcquisitionAlfred Bernhard-Walcher reported that Max Ohnefalsch-Richter acquired the capital in July 1895, stated to be from the eastern acropolis of Idalion.

    Pillar capital no. 8No. no. 8Horacek 2023, p. 152

  20. 1895

    PurchaseO-R. bought a flint knife from a peasant of Alámbra.

    With a peasant of AlámbraMyres & Ohnefalsch-Richter 1899, p. 13

  21. 1896

    SaleMax Ohnefalsch-Richter sold the collection to Valentin Weisbach for 35 433,95 Mark.

    Sold to Valentin WeisbachSammlung, überwiegend aus zyprischen Altertümern35 433,95 MarkBrönner 1998, p. 37Brönner 2001, p. 202Buchholz 1989, p. 18Lund 2015, p. 248

  22. 1896

    NoteWeisbach relieved Ohnefalsch-Richter of his financial embarrassment in early July 1896.

    Connected with Valentin WeisbachBrönner 2001, p. 201

  23. 1896

    LoanpossiblyWeisbach possibly lent Ohnefalsch-Richter a large amount of money, with his antiquities perhaps serving as security.

    Borrowed from Valentin Weisbacha large amount of moneyBrönner 2001, p. 201

  24. 1896

    TransferprobablyThe antiquities not yet sold probably passed into Weisbach's possession in 1896.

    Passed objects to Valentin WeisbachTatton-Brown 2001, p. 201

  25. 1896

    OfferOhnefalsch-Richter exhibited his antiquities at a pavilion in the Spezial-Ausstellung Kairo and offered them for sale.

    Berlin Gewerbeausstellung, Treptow ParkBrönner 2001, p. 200

  26. 1896

    SaleMax Ohnefalsch-Richter exhibited and sold large quantities of Cypriot antiquities at the Berlin trade exhibition.

    With unnamed buyersgroße Mengen insbesondere an KeramikRecke 2012, p. 100

  27. 1896

    OfferOhnefalsch-Richter offered the antiquities remaining after his London sales for sale in Germany.

    Tatton-Brown 2001, p. 200

  28. 1896

    OfferOhnefalsch-Richter exhibited his antiquities at the Spezial-Ausstellung Kairo and offered them for sale.

    Cypriot and Asia Minor antiquitiesSpezial-Ausstellung Kairo, Berlin GewerbeausstellungTatton-Brown 2001, p. 200

  29. n.d.

    SaleOhnefalsch-Richter called Fröhner’s attention to Cypriot antiquities in his possession that he wished to sell.

    Sold to Wilhelm Froehnera large collection of Cypriot antiquitiesBrönner 2001, p. 198Tatton-Brown 2001, p. 198

  30. n.d.

    SaleOhnefalsch-Richter sold ethnographic material and antiquities to the Wiener Museen.

    Sold to Wiener MuseenVolkskundliches und die AntikenBuchholz 1989, p. 9

  31. n.d.

    ConsignmentprobablyOhnefalsch-Richter said he, Watkins and Pierides would select antiquities to send to Hoffmann in Paris for auction.

    Consigned to Henri HoffmannAltertümer selected for auction, including an Astarte-Aphrodite figureBuchholz 1989, p. 9

  32. n.d.

    SaleOhnefalsch-Richter sold antiquities to the Badisches Landesmuseum in Karlsruhe.

    Sold to Badisches LandesmuseumCypriot antiquitiesBuchholz 1989, p. 16

  33. n.d.

    TransferWarren took the Phrangissa objects from Ohnefalsch-Richter more or less forcibly and transferred them to his house.

    Passed objects to Falkland WarrenNicosiaBuchholz 1991, p. 7

  34. n.d.

    SaleM. Ohnefalsch-Richter sold a looped pin to Vienna's Antikensammlungen.

    Sold to AntikensammlungenSchleifennadelWienBuchholz 1999, p. 120

  35. n.d.

    SaleAllegedprobablyBuchholz alleged that O.-Richter sold Sir Henry Bulwer objects from other stocks as Tamassos finds.

    Sold to Henry Ernest Gascoyne BulwerLagerbestände anderer HerkunftBuchholz 2007, p. 236

  36. n.d.

    AgencyHenri Hoffmann often served as an intermediary for Max Ohnefalsch-Richter’s transactions with Paris.

    Represented by Henri HoffmannMax Ohnefalsch-Richter’s excavation discoveries sold to European museumsCaubet 1993, p. 32Ioannides 1992, p. 266

  37. n.d.

    SalepossiblyMax Ohnefalsch-Richter approached the sale of antiquities by writing to institutions such as the British Museum.

    Sold to British Museumantiquities offered for saleNo. cat. nos. 1, 21, 45, 53Childs et al. 2012, p. 30

  38. n.d.

    GiftMax Ohnefalsch-Richter gave photographs from other excavations to the British Museum department without charge.

    Gave to British MuseumFivel 1994, p. 23

  39. n.d.

    SaleprobablyThe Nikolides cylinder from the Ohnefalsch-Richter Collection was probably acquired by the Ashmolean Museum.

    Sold to Ashmolean Museumcylindre de NikolidesNo. 1896.4OxfordFivel 1996, p. 34

  40. n.d.

    AgencyOhnefalsch-Richter brought Seager antiquities after Seager sent money for a purchase.

    Agent for Major B. Seager17 pieces of stonework and four gold laminaeLimassolHermary 1990, p. 25

  41. n.d.

    AdviceOhnefalsch-Richter advised Seager to buy antiquities from a person in Limassol.

    Connected with Major B. SeagerHermary 1990, p. 24

  42. n.d.

    PurchaseMax Ohnefalsch-Richter bought the group of objects from Mr Jolly.

    Bought from Ernest Thomas Charles JolyLe groupe d'objetsNicosieKarageorghis 1962, p. 11

  43. n.d.

    SaleMax Ohnefalsch-Richter supplied antiquities he excavated to Berlin's Antiquarium for payment.

    Sold to Antiquarium, Berlinantiquities he unearthedKarageorghis et al. 2000, p. 9

  44. n.d.

    Transfer176 pieces, including the Artemis of Larnaca, came to the Kunsthistorisches Museum through several acquisitions from Max Ohnefalsch-Richter.

    Passed objects to Kunsthistorisches MuseumKoiner 2012, p. 118

  45. n.d.

    SaleMax Ohnefalsch-Richter offered the Artemis of Larnaca to the Louvre Museum.

    Sold to Louvre MuseumKoiner 2012, p. 118

  46. n.d.

    TransferOhnefalsch-Richter sent Schliemann sherds with vertically drilled double tubular holes by post.

    Passed objects to Heinrich SchliemannLarnacaMerrillees & Krpata 1997, p. 140Merrillees & Krpata 1997, p. 141

  47. n.d.

    TransferMax Ohnefalsch-Richter procured pottery and bronze weapons for Julius Naue.

    Passed objects to Julius NaueKeramik und BronzenwaffenRecke 2012, p. 94

  48. n.d.

    TransferRobert Forrer obtained vessels, terracottas and metal objects through Max Ohnefalsch-Richter.

    Passed objects to Robert ForrerGefäße, Terrakotten und MetallobjekteRecke 2012, p. 94

  49. n.d.

    AgencyMax Ohnefalsch-Richter mediated Heinrich Frauberger's acquisition of more than 200 objects in Cyprus.

    Agent for Heinrich Johann Fraubergerüber 200 Objekte, darunter gezielt erworbener GoldschmuckZypernRecke 2012, p. 94

  50. n.d.

    NoteMax and Magda Ohnefalsch-Richter accumulated an important collection of ethnographic objects together.

    Connected with Magda H. Ohnefalsch-RichterCyprusStylianou-Lambert & Bounia 2016, p. 96

  51. n.d.

    TransferM. Ohnefalsch-Richter transferred the Kition tomb inventory to the Völkerkundemuseum at Leipzig.

    Passed objects to Völkerkundemuseum at LeipzigThe inventory of this tombVonhoff 2011, p. 135

  52. n.d.

    SaleAfter the finds were divided, Ohnefalsch-Richter resold his share to museums, collectors, or at public sales.

    With différents musées, collectionneurs ou acheteurs lors de ventes publiquesSa part des objets issus des fouilles à ChypreBoucher 2012, p. 168

  53. n.d.

    PurchaseprobablyMax Ohnefalsch-Richter appears to have bought the owner's share of the finds.

    With owner of the landMarionBourogiannis 2022, p. 499

  54. n.d.

    SaleprobablyOhnefalsch-Richter apparently sold few antiquities in London, yielding no large profits.

    Brönner 2001, p. 199

  55. n.d.

    RecordprobablyA lucrative offer from Liverpool came too late, when the antiquities were already on their way to Germany.

    Brönner 2001, p. 199

  56. n.d.

    RecordOhnefalsch-Richter acted as an intermediary for the marble Artemis for a payment of 600 francs.

    hellenistische Marmor-Artemis600 FrankenBuchholz 1989, p. 9

  57. n.d.

    PurchaseLetters reportedly show that Ohnefalsch-Richter bought objects from looted excavations at Hagia Paraskevi.

    With unnamed sellersobjects from Raubgrabungen at Hagia ParaskeviBuchholz 1989, p. 9

  58. n.d.

    SaleLetters reportedly show that Ohnefalsch-Richter resold objects from looted excavations at Hagia Paraskevi.

    With unnamed buyersobjects from Raubgrabungen at Hagia ParaskeviBuchholz 1989, p. 9

  59. n.d.

    PurchaseOhnefalsch-Richter bought finds from illegal excavations of 1883 at Idalion.

    Buchholz 1989, p. 16

  60. n.d.

    DealingThe trade in antiquities ran through the shipping brokerage Schröder und Co. in Trieste.

    Cypriot antiquitiesBuchholz 1989, p. 17

  61. n.d.

    SeizureThe vessel was confiscated from Ohnefalsch-Richter's house and transported to the British Museum at Warren's instigation, according to Warren's letters.

    figürlich bemaltes Gefäß aus einem Grab in Politiko-AlakatiNo. 91/VI-28/1 (C 736)NikosiaBuchholz 1991, p. 7

  62. n.d.

    SaleThe Berlin object was identified as coming from a sale by Ohnefalsch-Richter.

    object in the Berlin collectionNo. Misc. 8139/54Buchholz 1991, p. 12

  63. n.d.

    SaleMax Ohnefalsch-Richter sold the stones of Tomb 11 to Politiko inhabitants for use as building material.

    With the inhabitants of Politikostones from Tomb 11Buchholz et al. 2002, p. 229

  64. n.d.

    SaleMax Ohnefalsch-Richter sold his share of the discoveries to various European museums.

    With various European museumsCaubet 1993, p. 31

  65. n.d.

    AcquisitionM. Ohnefalsch-Richter acquired objects from Athiénou, including two terracotta riders.

    objets provenant d'Athiénou, dont deux cavaliers de terre cuiteFourrier 2007, p. 44

  66. n.d.

    AcquisitionA portion of the discoveries at Achna accrued personally to Max Ohnefalsch-Richter under the law then in force.

    Ioannides 1992, p. 266

  67. n.d.

    SaleMax Ohnefalsch-Richter sold a portion of the discoveries at Achna on the European market.

    marché européenIoannides 1992, p. 266

  68. n.d.

    RecordThe Berlin museums' Cypriote collections were mostly acquired through Max Ohnefalsch-Richter.

    With museums in BerlinKarageorghis 1998, p. 119

  69. n.d.

    PurchaseThe text reports that Ohnefalsch-Richter bought antiquities from looters.

    With lootersCyprusKarageorghis et al. 1999, p. ix

  70. n.d.

    DealingOhnefalsch-Richter traded antiquities with foreign museums.

    With foreign museumsCyprusKarageorghis et al. 1999, p. ix

  71. n.d.

    SaleMax Ohnefalsch-Richter supplied antiquities he unearthed to other European institutions for payment.

    With other European institutionsKarageorghis et al. 2000, p. 9

  72. n.d.

    RecordAllegedThe author called Ohnefalsch-Richter an avowed rival of the CEF because of alleged duplicitous activities surrounding the sale of Polis finds.

    items from the Polis excavationsKiely 2019, p. 64

  73. n.d.

    RecordpossiblyLetters were reported to mention Ohnefalsch-Richter's apparently parallel negotiations with Berlin and London over Marion finds.

    With Berlin and Londonfinds from the Marion excavationsKiely 2019, p. 64

  74. n.d.

    ExportRichter exported a substantial quantity of antiquities to the Berlin Museums and elsewhere.

    With Berlin Museums and elsewhereCyprusMarangou 2000, p. 352

  75. n.d.

    PurchaseOhnefalsch-Richter purchased stray finds from the local population.

    With the local populationCyprusMerrillees 2017, p. 123

  76. n.d.

    ExportM. Ohnefalsch-Richter exported some finds from Ayia Paraskevi to Germany.

    Pezzi 2017, p. 108

  77. n.d.

    PurchaseOhnefalsch-Richter purchased a scarab in Larnaka.

    No. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum, ix. 1978Reyes 2001, p. 86

  78. n.d.

    AcquisitionMax Ohnefalsch-Richter collected some Greek alphabetic inscriptions while exploring the urban centre.

    Greek alphabetic inscriptions from SalamisSalamisRogge et al. 2019, p. 61

  79. n.d.

    AcquisitionMax Ohnefalsch-Richter was permitted to keep a portion of antiquities found during his excavations.

    With excavation sponsorsCyprusRomano 2006, p. 1

  80. n.d.

    SaleMax Ohnefalsch-Richter sold artifacts from local clandestine explorations to museums in Europe and the United States.

    With museums in Europe and in the United Statesartifacts discovered through local clandestine explorationsRomano 2006, p. 1

  81. n.d.

    PurchaseprobablyOhnefalsch-Richter apparently bought a stone cylinder seal and a Babylonian electron ring from the site.

    TzaroukkasTatton-Brown 2001, p. 162

  82. n.d.

    RecordAllegedThe author said Ohnefalsch-Richter drew up a false contract for Warren, and the owner received 10 shillings for waiving rights to finds.

    With the owner of the landland near Pera and material found there, including a painted vase10 shillingsPeraTatton-Brown 2001, p. 258

  83. n.d.

    DispersalHis collection and the jugs discussed in the article were dispersed across Europe.

    collection et vasesVandenabeele 1994, p. 20

Excavations

38 projects
Show all 38 projects

In the field

231 records

Where they worked in the field

  • Ground above 200, 500, 1,000 m

Sites

  1. 1Salamis
  2. 2Kition
  3. 3Achna
  4. 4Idalion
  5. 5Katydhata (approx.)
  6. 6Ormideia
  7. 7Chytroi
  8. 8Kourion
  9. 9Kythrea (approx.)
  10. 10Pera-Frangissa (approx.)
  11. 11Soli
  12. 12Tremetousia (approx.)
  13. 13Alambra
  14. 14Amathus
  15. 15Laxia (approx.)
  16. 16Lythrodontas (approx.)
  17. 17Marion
  18. 18Psematismenos-Trelloukkas (approx.)
  19. 19Tamassos
  20. 20Politiko-Chomazoudia (approx.)
  21. 21Limassol (approx.)
  22. 22Rantidi-Lingrin tou Dhigeni (approx.)
  23. 23Arsos (approx.)
  24. 24Nicosia-Ayia Paraskevi (approx.)
  25. 25Voni (approx.)
  26. 26Xylotymbou (approx.)
Modern coastline (OpenStreetMap) and relief (Copernicus DEM). Tap or hover a site for what the sources record there.

Salamis

1878–1890

à environ 50-80 mètres au sud-est du « grand tumulus de la plaine de Salamine »

1879–1880

  • Excavated · 1879–1880M. Ohnefalsch-Richter's repertory stated that he excavated the sanctuary in 1879-1880.

    sanctuaireFourrier 2015, p. 218

Cyprus

1879–1893

eastern acropolis of Idalion

1879–1883

Kition

1879

Larnaka-Kition

1879

  • Excavated · 1879Ohnefalsch-Richter began excavating and observing sanctuaries in the Larnaka-Kition area.

    sanctuaries and archaeological remainsBuchholz 1989, p. 5

  • ExcavatedOhnefalsch-Richter excavated in the northern necropolis at Larnaka-Kition.

    excavations in the northern necropolisBuchholz 1989, p. 6

throughout the island

1879–1894

  • Dug for · 1879–1894Ohnefalsch-Richter carried out official excavations on behalf of the British government.

    Dug for British governmenthundreds of tombs and numerous sanctuariesSteel 2004, p. 8

  • ExcavatedOhnefalsch-Richter undertook excavations throughout Cyprus on behalf of foreign museums and individuals.

    With foreign museums and individualsKarageorghis 1969, p. 24

various other regions

1879–1894

  • Surveyed · 1879–1894Ohnefalsch-Richter surveyed various regions and documented 72 sites.

    Counts 2001, p. 135

Zypern

1879

  • Excavated · 1879Max Ohnefalsch-Richter worked as an excavator for various institutions and private individuals from 1879.

    With verschiedene Institutionen und PrivatpersonenRecke 2012, p. 92

  • HelpedMax Ohnefalsch-Richter supported Ferdinand Dümmler during several small excavations.

    Helped Ferdinand DümmlerRecke 2012, p. 91

Achna

1880–1883

  • Excavated · 1880–1883Ohnefalsch-Richter carried out ten excavations at sites around Cyprus.

    Kiely 2010, p. 244

  • Found · 1882Max Ohnefalsch-Richter reported that the statuette came to light at a second sanctuary east of the Achna-temenos.

    statuette from a second primitive sanctuaryNo. Nr. 10 of my list K. B. & H. p. 12Fivel 1994, p. 27

ancient Cyprus

1880

  • Excavated · 1880Max Ohnefalsch-Richter excavated sites of worship in ancient Cyprus during the 1880s.

    Cyprus, p. 20

  • Surveyed · 1880Max Ohnefalsch-Richter surveyed sites of worship in ancient Cyprus during the 1880s.

    Cyprus, p. 20

Idalion

1880–1895

Katydhata

1880–1890

  • Excavated · 1880–1890Max Ohnefalsch-Richter partially excavated the cemetery between Katydhata and Linou.

    Hellenistic–Roman cemeteryGiven et al. 2013, p. 8

  • Excavated · 1885Ohnefalsch-Richter continued excavating in the second necropolis at Katydata-Linou.

    Nekropole IIBuchholz 1989, p. 11

  • Excavated · 1885O-R. excavated on his own account at Katýdata and Linù in 1885.

    TombsMyres & Ohnefalsch-Richter 1899, p. 4

  • ExcavatedMax Ohnefalsch-Richter excavated tombs in the area around Katydhata, Linou and Skouriotissa.

    Hundreds of tombsGiven et al. 2013, p. 323

  • FoundMax Ohnefalsch-Richter discovered an extensive necropolis in the area between the monastery and the villages.

    Extensive Hellenistic to late antique necropolisPanayides & Jacobs 2023, p. 217

Road between the 'Temenos' and a gate in the western wall of Salamis

1880

  • Found · 1880Max Ohnefalsch Richter found two fragments of Ptolemaic-era inscriptions on the road.

    Two fragments of inscriptions of the Ptolemaic eraOhnefalsch-Richter 1883, p. 115

au sud-est de la nécropole royale de Salamine

1881

  • Excavated · 1881Max Ohnefalsch-Richter excavated a tomb southeast of the royal necropolis of Salamis.

    une tombeRaptou 2019, p. 208

Ormideia

1882

sanctuary of Artemis at Achna

1882

  • Excavated · 1882M. Ohnefalsch-Richter's excavation at Achna provided stone sculptures and terracottas in 1882.

    Cook 1979, p. 4

  • ExcavatedMax Ohnefalsch Richter investigated the sanctuary of Artemis at Achna.

    terracottas and some stone statuettesTatton-Brown 1987, p. 4

Aphrodite Kourotrophos temenos west of Idalion

1883

  • Excavated · 1883Max Ohnefalsch-Richter excavated at the Aphrodite Kourotrophos temenos west of Idalion.

    No. Cat. nos. 111-114, 116-117 and 123Beer 1997, p. 50

Ayia Paraskevi

1883–1885

  • Excavated · 1883–1885M. Ohnefalsch-Richter excavated 92 tombs for various residents at Ayia Paraskevi.

    With various residentsPezzi 2017, p. 108

  • Excavated · 1884–1885Max Ohnefalsch-Richter explored a number of Late Bronze Age tombs at Ayia Paraskevi.

    Karageorghis 1962, p. 12

Chytroi

1883

  • Excavated · 1883Max Ohnefalsch-Richter excavated at Chytroi in 1883.

    limestone temple-boyNo. C. 222Beer 1994, p. 17

  • Excavated · 1883Max Ohnefalsch-Richter excavated at Chytroi, where limestone kourotrophoi were found.

    Beer 1997, p. 49

  • Excavated · 1883Ohnefalsch-Richter excavated at Chytroi and Voni.

    Cannavò 2012, p. 430

Hagia Paraskevi

1883–1885

in and near ancient Idalion

1883–1894

  • Excavated · 1883–1894Max Ohnefalsch-Richter identified and excavated about eleven sanctuaries in and near Idalion.

    some 11 sanctuariesUlbrich 2011, p. 192

Kourion

1883–1884

Kythrea

1883

Pera-Frangissa

1883–1885

région de Kourion

1883–1886

Soli

1883

temple of Aphrodite of Paphos in Chytri (Kythrea)

1883

  • Found · 1883Ohnefalsch Richter found two votive inscriptions at the temple in Chytri.

    No. 5-6Dikaios 1947, p. 186

Tremetousia

1883

  • Excavated · 1883Ohnefalsch-Richter briefly excavated in the necropolis at Tremithoussa.

    Hermary 2004, p. 50

Ayia Paraskevi Tomb 14

1884

  • Excavated · 1884Max Olnefalsch-Richter excavated Tomb 14 at Ayia Paraskevi, where two cylinders were found.

    Kenna 1972, p. 624

necropolis at Ayia Paraskevi

1884

Alambra

1885

Amathus

1885

  • Excavated · 1885Ohnefalsch-Richter excavated four tombs at his own expense.

    Hermary 1990, p. 21

  • Found · 1885Ohnefalsch-Richter found an ancient altar and votive terracottas in the necropolis.

    Hermary 1990, p. 21

  • Excavated · 1885Ohnefalsch-Richter explored a sanctuary northeast of the city and brought statuettes and terracottas to light.

    Hermary 1990, p. 21

ancient Tamassos near Pera

1885

  • Directed excavations · 1885Ohnefalsch-Richter directed the excavation at ancient Tamassos near Pera.

    Given 2001, p. 257

au nord de la ville antique d'Idalion

1885

  • Excavated · 1885Max Ohnefalsch-Richter excavated a sanctuary north of the ancient city of Idalion.

    Fourrier 2004, p. 191

Laxia

1885

Lythrodontas

1885

  • Found · 1885Ohnefalsch-Richter discovered a spring sanctuary with coin and lamp finds at Lythrodontas.

    Quellenheiligtum mit Münz- und LampenfundenBuchholz 1989, p. 11

Marion

1885–1886

Nikosia-Hagia Paraskevi

1885

  • Excavated · 1885M. Ohnefalsch-Richter cleared the tomb at Nikosia-Hagia Paraskevi in 1885.

    Buchholz 1999, p. 439

north of Dali near the river

1885

  • Excavated · 1885Max Ohnefalsch-Richter excavated the sanctuary at ID 7.

    sanctuary ID 7 and votive figuresNo. ID 7Ulbrich 2011, p. 208

Psematismenos-Trelloukkas

1885

Psemmatismenos

1885

sanctuary of Apollo at Tamassos-Frangissa

1885

  • Excavated · 1885M. Ohnefalsch-Richter excavated at the sanctuary of Apollo at Tamassos-Frangissa.

    limestone and terracotta sculptures of varying sizesKarageorghis 2002

Tamassos

1885–1895

nécropoles de Marion

1886

  • Excavated · 1886M. Ohnefalsch-Richter excavated the necropolises of Marion in 1886, according to the text.

    Fourrier 2010, p. 51

lower slopes of the West Acropolis

1887

  • Found · 1887Ohnefalsch-Richter found remains of an ancient building in 1887 and made measurements and drawings of it.

    remains of an ancient building, probably part of an olive millStager et al. 1974, p. XXVIII

Chomazoudia near Politiko

1889

  • Found · 1889Max Ohnefalsch-Richter discovered a cemetery of 24 Cypro-Archaic tombs near Politiko.

    a cemetery of 24 tombsBuchholz et al. 2002, p. 219

Lamberti

1889–1894

one hill, very near of the Neonasteri

1889

  • Directed excavations · 1889Stavrinides reported that O.-Richter set workmen to excavate on a hill near the monastery.

    Buchholz 2007, p. 244

Politiko-Chomazoudia

1889

  • Excavated · 1889Stavrinides reported that Max Ohnefalsch-Richter was digging in the Pedhiaios river bed outside the permitted area and without a landowner's contract.

    Given 2025, p. 41

sanctuaire de Tamassos

1889

  • Excavated · 1889Ohnefalsch-Richter excavated the sanctuary and uncovered bronze fragments, statuettes, and limestone sculptures.

    fragments de grands bronzes, deux statuettes archaïques en bronze et sculptures en calcaireBouquillon et al. 2006, p. 230

Ag. Sozomenos and Nikolides

1894

  • Dug for · 1894Max Ohnefalsch-Richter excavated Ag. Sozomenos and Nikolides for the Prussian Secretary of State for Public Instruction.

    Dug for Prussian Secretary of State for Public Instruction (Berlin Museum)Fivel 1996, p. 34

Ag. Sozómenos and Nikolides

1894

Kafkallia

1894

  • Excavated · 1894The report says Catling noted that Max Ohnefalsch-Richter excavated the cemetery in 1894, though Tomb G was not excavated by him.

    Kafkallia cemeteryOverbeck & Swiny 1972, p. 30

Nikolides near Dali

1894

  • Found · 1894Dr. Ohnefalsch-Richter found this fabric at Nikolides near Dali.

    black punctured wareMyres 1897, p. 145

spots S1, N2, and trench 6

1894

Limassol

1910

  • Corresponded with · 1910Ohnefalsch-Richter addressed a circular letter about Rantidi to Dörpfeld.

    Corresponded with Wilhelm Dörpfelddécouvertes et inscriptions de RantidiMasson 1985, p. 24

  • Corresponded with · 1910Ohnefalsch-Richter addressed a circular letter about Rantidi to Meister.

    Corresponded with Richard Meisterdécouvertes et inscriptions de RantidiMasson 1985, p. 24

  • Corresponded with · 1910Ohnefalsch-Richter addressed a circular letter about Rantidi to Euting.

    Corresponded with Julius Eutingdécouvertes et inscriptions de RantidiMasson 1985, p. 24

  • Corresponded with · 1910Ohnefalsch-Richter addressed a circular letter about Rantidi to Lidzbarski.

    Corresponded with M. Lidzbarskidécouvertes et inscriptions de RantidiMasson 1985, p. 24

  • Corresponded with · 1910Ohnefalsch-Richter addressed a circular letter about Rantidi to Treu.

    Corresponded with Treudécouvertes et inscriptions de RantidiMasson 1985, p. 24

  • Corresponded with · 1910Ohnefalsch-Richter addressed a circular letter about Rantidi to Herrmann.

    Corresponded with Paul Herrmanndécouvertes et inscriptions de RantidiMasson 1985, p. 24

Rantidi-Lingrin tou Dhigeni

1910

  • Worked with · 1910Ohnefalsch-Richter and Koritzky undertook a surface investigation at Rantidi together.

    Worked with Kurt Koritzkyinscriptions et fragments d'inscriptions syllabiquesMasson 1985, p. 21

  • Worked with · 1910Ohnefalsch-Richter returned to Rantidi for another expedition accompanied by Hadjisavvas.

    Worked with Jangos Hadjisavvasinscriptions et photographies de RantidiMasson 1985, p. 22

  • Excavated · 1910Ohnefalsch-Richter secretly excavated at a cult site in the Rantidi area.

    Buchholz 1989, p. 20

  • Found · 1910Ohnefalsch-Richter and Koritzky found at least a dozen syllabic inscription fragments while turning stone debris.

    au moins une douzaine de fragments d'inscriptions syllabiquesMasson 1985, p. 25

  • Connected withMax Ohnefalsch-Richter convinced the Academy of Sciences in Berlin to fund an excavation at Rantidi.

    Connected with Academy of Sciences in BerlinKarnava 2019, p. 20

  • SurveyedOhnefalsch-Richter carried out a brief surface investigation at Rantidi with Koritzky.

    site et inscriptions syllabiques de RantidiMasson 1985, p. 25

  • StudiedAccording to Zahn, Ohnefalsch-Richter visited Rantidi, photographed it, and made squeezes of two surface inscriptions.

    deux inscriptions reposant à la surfaceMasson 1985, p. 27

a tomb at Kourion

  • FoundOhnefalsch-Richter found an engraved gem representing Athena in a tomb at Kourion.

    engraved gem with a representation of AthenaViolaris 2001, p. 251

Agia Paraskevi

Agia Paraskeví

Alakati Necropolis, northwest of Politiko

  • ExcavatedM. Ohnefalsch-Richter excavated the Zwölfkammergrab at the Alakati Necropolis.

    Carstens 2006, p. 178

Arsos

  • ExcavatedprobablyM. Ohnefalsch-Richter's excavations were associated with the probable find area of a Louvre bronze acquisition.

    bronze figureBuchholz 1999, p. 668

  • ExcavatedMax Ohnefalsch-Richter excavated the bronze cult group at Arsos.

    Cult group of a man and a bullNo. AO 1326Caubet et al. 1992, p. 57

  • ExcavatedMax Ohnefalsch-Richter’s investigations at Arsos unearthed fragments of figures representing Geryon and two inscriptions.

    fragments of figures representing Geryon and two late inscriptionsConnelly 1988, p. 17

au sud de la tombe de Sainte-Catherine

  • FoundpossiblyM. Ohnefalsch-Richter reportedly found fragments of female statuettes south of the Sainte-Catherine tomb.

    fragments de statuettes fémininesFourrier 2015, p. 218

Ayia Paraskevi cemetery

Ayios Ioannis

  • ExcavatedRichter later excavated items including Graeco-Phoenician jewellery from the necropolis at Ayios Ioannis.

    Cyprus (Blue Guides), p. 103

baths of Salamis

  • ExcavatedOhnefalsch-Richter excavated a bronze mirror in the baths of Salamis.

    Tatton-Brown 2001, p. 251

  • ExcavatedOhnefalsch-Richter excavated a mirror bearing a bronze relief in the baths of Salamis.

    bronze relief on the back side of a mirrorViolaris 2001, p. 251

Chypre

east acropolis of Idalion

  • FoundMax Ohnefalsch-Richter located a sanctuary of a female deity on the east acropolis of Idalion.

    Horacek 2024, p. 83

Kloster

  • Helped byKyrillos provided accommodation in the monastery and helped O.-Richter recruit workers, pay wages, and act as an intermediary.

    Helped by KyrillosBuchholz 2007, p. 234

Larnaka-Kition und Umgebung

  • ExcavatedOhnefalsch-Richter made archaeological observations and excavations around Larnaka-Kition.

    archaeological remainsBuchholz 1989, p. 6

near Larnaca

  • Financed byA footnote says Cobham financed the excavation associated with Ohnefalsch-Richter's article on the ancient building near Larnaca.

    Financed by Claude Delaval CobhamFivel 1994, p. 25

Near the building at Salamis

  • FoundMax Ohnefalsch Richter found a fragmentary inscription near the building.

    A fragmentary inscription bearing the letters TAMEI . .Ohnefalsch-Richter 1883, p. 116

Near the monastery of Skouriotissa and the copper mines

  • ExcavatedpossiblyMax Ohnefalsch-Richter may have excavated an enormous tomb near the monastery of Skouriotissa and the copper mines.

    Enormous tomb of 10 m in length with numerous nichesPanayides & Jacobs 2023, p. 217

necropolis of Hagia Paraskeue

Nicosia-Ayia Paraskevi

  • ExcavatedOhnefalsch-Richter opened eighty-one tombs for various residents at Nicosia Ayia Paraskevi.

    With various residentsKiely & Merrillees 2012, p. 255

  • ExcavatedOhnesfalsch-Richter dug Bronze Age tombs and carried out excavations on behalf of the government.

    With the governmentŞevketoğlu 1998, p. 20

north of the village near the river

  • ExcavatedMax Ohnefalsch-Richter largely excavated the sanctuary discovered by farmers.

    sanctuary ID 7No. ID 7Ulbrich 2011, p. 204

sanctuary of Apollon at Phrangissa near Tamassos

  • FoundMax Ohnefalsch-Richter found a large statue in the sanctuary of Apollon at Phrangissa near Tamassos.

    statue, of which the upper part of the body and the legs were preservedSenff 2016, p. 242

South of the 'Temenos' at Salamis

spot S1, the so-called southern bastion

The larger room at the building at Salamis

  • FoundMax Ohnefalsch Richter found a square well covered with earth in the larger room.

    A square well built round with well cut stonesOhnefalsch-Richter 1883, p. 113

Tschira Philippa, au sud de Kouklia

  • FoundOhnefalsch-Richter found a damaged inscribed stone; he considered its remaining sign a Phoenician aleph.

    pierre avec une inscription détruite, un seul signe subsistantMasson 1985, p. 23

Under the sand near the Forest Guard's house

  • FoundM. O. Richter accidentally discovered two marble capitals while employed in the Forest Department.

    Munro et al. 1891, p. 60

Voni

  • ExcavatedMax Ohnefalsch-Richter excavated three sanctuaries and tombs west of Voni.

    sanctuaries and late Roman and Byzantine tombsConnelly 1988, p. 45

  • ExcavatedOhnefalsch-Richter carried out work at the sanctuary of Apollo at Voni.

    Fivel 1989, p. 36

  • ExcavatedM. Ohnefalsch-Richter excavated a sanctuary of Apollo at Voni.

    quelques figurines de terre cuiteFourrier 2007, p. 36

Westzypern

Xylotymbou

  • ExcavatedM. Ohnefalsch-Richter excavated and published two built tombs from Xylotymbo.

    Carstens 2006, p. 179

Fieldwork

1883–1889

Connections

192 people
Falkland WarrenWilhelm FroehnerCharles NewtonClaude Delaval CobhamHenri HoffmannSamuel BrownHenry Ernest Gascoyne Bul…John William WilliamsonCharles F. WatkinsAnna (Annie) Brassey, Bar…Charles ChristianWilhelm DeeckeDemetrios PieridesGregorios AntoniouGarnet Joseph WolseleyHugh SinclairRobert BiddulphLuigi Palma di CesnolaDavid George HogarthAlexander Stuart MurrayJohn Arthur Ruskin MunroGeorge JefferyErnest Arthur GardnerTheocharis KoutsocherisJohn Linton MyresOlivier MassonAntoine HermaryGaston Louis FeuardentHans-Günter BuchholzStephan G. SchmidErnest RenanSalomon ReinachBoldizsár Csornay-CaprezFrieda VandenabeeleMarguerite YonKyriakos NicolaouEustathios ConstantinidesHerbert KitchenerLazaris PhilippiEdmond PottierMax Ohnefalsch-Richter
Sales & giftsFieldworkDisputesScholarshipColleaguesThe 40 best-connected of 192 shown

Sales, gifts & bequests

Show 41 more

Also: Dr. Tischler (Königsberg), E. Landau, Julius Kühn, Kaiser Wilhelm II, Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Meiningen, Kostis Kafedschis, M. Much, Théophile Homolle, Valentin Weisbach, Richard Meister, Abramo, Anna (Annie) Brassey, Baroness Brassey (née Allnutt), Charles F. Watkins, Charles Newton, Claude Delaval Cobham, Ernest Thomas Charles Joly, Falkland Warren, Forrer, Heinrich Schliemann, Julius Naue, Liebermann (forename unknown), Ritter von Lanna, Robert Forrer, Wilhelm Deecke, Wilhelm Froehner.

Family

Fieldwork & employment

Show 42 more

Also: Tyler, Edward Carletti, Charles Christian, Charles F. Watkins, Christophi Christodoulos, Ferdinand Dümmler, Abraami Charalambos, Philippi Michaili, Adolf Furtwängler, Richard Schöne, Rudolf Virchow, Wilhelm Dörpfeld, Couve, Siegert, Kaiser Wilhelm II, Kostis Kafedschis, Robert Bosse, Jangos Hadjisavvas, Kleanthis Pierides, Andreas Vondiziano, Charles Newton, Claude Delaval Cobham, Falkland Warren, Garnet Joseph Wolseley, Major B. Seager, Major Chard.

Disputes & the law

Show 4 more

Scholarship

Show 68 more

Also: R. Kekulé von Stradonitz, Richard Meister, Rudolf Virchow, J. H. Middleton, Robert Bosse, Sara Yorke Stevenson, Albert Brockhaus, Hubert Schmidt, Theodor Mommsen, Treu, A. Michaelis, John Linton Myres, Theodor Schreiber, Théophile Homolle, Kleanthis Pierides, Robert Zahn, M. Lidzbarski, Paul Herrmann, Wilhelm Dörpfeld, Arthur Hamilton Smith, Henry Beauchamp Walters, Friedrich Behn, Theodor Wiegand, E. Hoffmann, Olivier Masson, Hans-Günter Buchholz, Y. Shiloh, Melitta Brönner, Antoine Hermary, Frieda Vandenabeele, Boldizsár Csornay-Caprez, Sylvia Brehme, Irene Bald Romano, Kenneth A. Sheedy, Hartmut Matthäus, Hélène Le Meaux, Daniela Summa, Matthias Recke, Sophie Geraldine Horacek, Stephan G. Schmid, Wolfgang Filser, Caroline Huguenot, C. Bezold, Charles Newton, Claude Delaval Cobham, Gaston Louis Feuardent, Ioannis Violaris, John William Williamson, Loiso Anastasi, Viola Lewandowski, Wilhelm Deecke, William Ewart Gladstone.

Colleagues & contacts

Show 97 more

Also: Christofis Christodoulou, Falkland Warren, Ferdinand Dümmler, George Smith, Gianni Krasopoulos, Giorgi Pieri, Luigi Palma di Cesnola, Mullah Mehemed, Sotherland, Theocharis Koutsocheris, Yianni Hadjiloizou, Charles Walpole, Ernst Foot, Eugen Oberhummer, Eustathios Constantinides, Paul Herrmann, Adolf Furtwängler, W. Wright, Ernest Arthur Gardner, Henry Ernest Gascoyne Bulwer, Kyrillos, Pasquale, Sophocles Stavrinides, Sophronios III, Archbishop of Cyprus, A. F. G. Law, Georges (Georgos) N. Lanitis, Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Meiningen, Richard Meister, Wilhelm Dörpfeld, Ioannis Pavlou Bontitsianos (J. P. Vondiziano), Robert von Schneider, Heinrich Johann Frauberger, Hubert Schmidt, Edmond Pottier, Geheimrat (Hofrat) Dr. E. Wagner, Georg Loeschcke, George Gordon Hake, H. Weeren, Julius Kühn, Lübcke, Theodor Mommsen, von Luschan, W. von Landau, John Linton Myres, Julius Euting, Lord Ripon, Magda H. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Mr. King, Rudolf Virchow, Wilhelm Deecke, Martin Westorf, Wilhelm Froehner, Valentin Weisbach, George Jeffery, Robert Zahn, Evelthon Apostolides, Jangos Hadjisavvas, Kleanthis Pierides, Kurt Koritzky, Leonidas, Michailis Apostolides, Hans-Günter Buchholz, Kyriakos Nicolaou, Alessandro Pezzati, Marguerite Yon, Veit Vaelske, Philipp Kobusch, Charles Newton, Christophi Christodoulos, Demetrios Pierides, E. Slenska, Francis Henry Hill Guillemard, Garnet Joseph Wolseley, Hugh Sinclair, Kostis Kafedschis, Louis Joutel, Major B. Seager, Margit Z. Krpata, Robert Born, Salomon Reinach, W. Williams.

Recording and study

65 records
Catalogued2

  • 1895Ohnefalsch-Richter and J.L. Myres wrote most of the Cyprus Museum catalogue in 1895.

    NicosiaBuchholz 1989, p. 17

  • John Myres and Max Ohnefalsch-Richter provided a list of objects, some of which were reproduced in their book.

    objects from Limassol archaeological worksLimassolLemesos: A History of…, p. 53

Published26

  • 1879Ohnefalsch-Richter published an article on finds at Kition and a sanctuary of Syrian Astarte.

    Neue Funde aus Cypern. Die Akropolis von Kition und ein Sanctuarium des Syrischen AstarteStuttgartFivel 1989, p. 35

  • 1879Max Ohnefalsch-Richter published a report on the Bamboula works in 1879.

    rapport sur les travaux et les découvertes à BamboulaYon 2011, p. 47

  • 1880Ohnefalsch-Richter published a two-part account describing itineraries in Cyprus.

    Cyprische ReisestudienLeipzigFivel 1989, p. 35

  • 1881Ohnefalsch-Richter published an account of excavations at Salamis.

    Fivel 1989, p. 35

  • 1883Ohnefalsch-Richter published an article concerning Tomb 50 at Salamis.

    On a Prehistoric Building at Salamis; Tomb 50Fivel 1989, p. 35

  • 1884Ohnefalsch-Richter published an account of the sanctuary of Apollo at Voni.

    Fivel 1989, p. 36

  • 1886Max Ohnefalsch-Richter reported finds said to have been uncovered during construction of the Anglican church.

    columns, a terracotta chariot model and stone statuesSt. George's Hill, NicosiaPilides 2001, p. 82

  • 1888Ohnefalsch-Richter published the English programme for the local scientific journal The Owl.

    NicosiaFivel 1989, p. 36

Show 18 more

  • 1888Ohnefalsch-Richter published topographical studies of Idalion and its neighbourhood.

    Topographical Studies in Cyprus. District II. - Idalion. Ancient Idalion and NeighbourhoodFivel 1989, p. 36

  • 1888Ohnefalsch-Richter published an article illustrating Cypriote pots, including the White Slip II crater in the Smyrna museum.

    Cypriote Bronze and Iron Age pots decorated with swastikas and cantoned crossesParisMerrillees 2017, p. 123

  • 1889Ohnefalsch-Richter published articles on excavations at the Temenos of Artemis-Kybele at Achna.

    Excavations at Achna; Temenos of Artemis-KybeleFivel 1989, p. 36

  • 1891Ohnefalsch-Richter published his dissertation on ancient cult sites in Cyprus.

    Die antiken Cultusstätten auf KyprosBerlinFivel 1989, p. 37

  • 1893Ohnefalsch-Richter published Kypros, die Bibel und Homer, a work on ancient culture, art, and religion.

    BerlinFivel 1989, p. 37

  • 1893Ohnefalsch-Richter published the English version of Kypros, die Bibel und Homer.

    Kypros, the Bible and HomerLondonFivel 1989, p. 38

  • 1893Max Ohnefalsch-Richter described a temenos and reported ancient remains in his book.

    between Nicosia and Agios OmologitadesPilides 2001, p. 80

  • 1894Ohnefalsch-Richter published a report on work at Idalion and Tamassos.

    Excavations in CyprusFivel 1989, p. 38

  • 1899Ohnefalsch-Richter co-authored a catalogue of the Cyprus Museum and a chronicle of excavations.

    NicosiaFivel 1989, p. 38

  • 1899Ohnefalsch-Richter published the catalogue with Myres.

    Catalogue of the Cyprus MuseumOxfordMyres & Ohnefalsch-Richter 1899

  • 1910Ohnefalsch-Richter reported discoveries at Rantidi in an article in The Times.

    The Shrine of Aphrodite-Astarte; discoveries at RantidiFivel 1989, p. 39

  • 1910–1911Ohnefalsch-Richter published accounts of Rantidi and developed his theory about the sanctuaries there.

    informations et découvertes de RantidiKoukliaMasson 1985, p. 23

  • 1911Ohnefalsch-Richter published a report on new discoveries at Paphos.

    Fivel 1989, p. 39

  • 1914Max Ohnefalsch-Richter published photographs of the watercolor in an article in the Pall Mall Magazine.

    No. fig. 20Achilleos 2019, p. 678Fivel 1994, p. 27Rogge et al. 2019, p. 678

  • 1921Ohnefalsch-Richter’s posthumous article on Cypriot sculptures included details of excavations, especially at Tamassos.

    Cypriot sculptures and details of excavations, especially at TamassosFivel 1989, p. 40

  • Max Ohnefalsh-Richter published a plan locating the sanctuary and republished plans by Lang and Colonna-Ceccaldi.

    plan of ancient Idalion and plans by Lang and Colonna-CeccaldiIdalionGaber & Morden 1992, p. 22

  • Ohnefalsch-Richter published illustrations of finds from the Aphrodite sanctuary north of Idalion.

    votive offerings from the Aphrodite sanctuary north of IdalionMasson & Hermary 1988, p. 7

  • Ohnefalsch-Richter wrote an article about the vases workers had placed among the site's finds.

    ancient vases decorated with concentric circlesLarnacaSolomon 2021, p. 112

Studied11

  • 1882Max Ohnefalsch-Richter first investigated the sanctuary at Katydhata Pano Limna.

    Katydhata Pano Limna sanctuaryGiven et al. 2013, p. 326

  • 1887Max Ohnefalsch-Richter identified the sanctuary of the female deity in 1887.

    Sanctuary of the female deity, temenos no. 8No. no. 8eastern acropolis of IdalionHoracek 2023, p. 147

  • 1887Ohnefalsch-Richter explored the site and concluded that Leondari Vouno was the acropolis of ancient Lidir/Ledroi.

    Eyenja-Leondari VounoMerrillees & Krpata 1997, p. 141

  • 1893Ohnefalsch-Richter identified Proto-White Painted among the finds in a Lapithos tomb.

    Proto-White Painted vases from a tombIacovou 1991, p. 199

  • Ohnefalsch-Richter investigated Bamboola and discussed the site.

    Bamboola site and antiquitiesBamboola, LarnakaBailey 1969, p. 38

  • Max Ohnefalsch-Richter noted a small necropolis and distinguished earlier and later pottery there.

    LC (“Mycenean”) sherds and later (“Graeco-Phoenician”) potterythe vicinity of Tomb 1Georgiadou et al. 2024, p. 202

  • Ohnefalsch-Richter reported locating the mosaic site without a subterranean chamber and noted rich tombs in the plain.

    emplacement de la mosaïque; nécropole dans la plaineacropole et plaine de KourionMasson 1984, p. 20

  • Ohnefalsch-Richter checked the crater’s provenance in the museum records.

    White Slip II crater with wish-bone type handleSmyrnaMerrillees 2017, p. 123

Show 3 more

  • Max Ohnefalsch-Richter investigated earlier vestiges in the area of Agios Sozomenos and Idalion itself.

    Pilides 2024, p. 13

  • M. Ohnefalsch Richter studied Tomb no. 50 before the latest excavations.

    No. Tomb no. 50SalamisUssishkin 1971

  • Max Ohnefalsch-Richter visited Rantidi and wrote to German scholars about its inscriptions.

    Cypro-syllabic inscriptionsYoung 2005, p. 30

Photographed7

  • 1887Ohnefalsch-Richter photographed the Idalion site from all sides in 1887.

    Idalion sanctuary siteSchmid 2025, p. 90

  • 1890Max Ohnefalsch-Richter accompanied Dörpfeld and was the photographer in this case.

    KoukliaMaier 1997, p. 131

  • 1910Ohnefalsch-Richter took photographs at Rantidi during his August visit.

    site de RantidiMasson 1985, p. 22

  • Max Ohnefalsch-Richter reported that he photographed and measured the works being demolished at Bamboula.

    Bamboula works and findsKiely & Fourrier 2012, p. 279

  • possiblyOhnefalsch-Richter was among the visitors who took photographs at Kouklia and in the surrounding area.

    vues de Kouklia et des environsKouklia et ses environsMasson 1985, p. 20

  • O-R. partly carried out a series of photographs representing the whole collection.

    Cyprus Museum collectionCyprus MuseumMyres & Ohnefalsch-Richter 1899, p. ix

  • Photographs by Max Ohnefalsch-Richter documented the British administration's works at Bamboula.

    travaux de l'administration britannique à BamboulaYon 2011, p. 47

Drew9

  • 1884Max Ohnefalsch-Richter drew vessels No. 1–4 from Kourion.

    vases No. 1, No. 2, No. 3 and No. 4No. No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4Ioannides 1992, p. 239

  • Max Ohnefalsch-Richter made water-colours of the Salamis mosaic of Orpheus and the Beasts.

    Achilleos 2019, p. 679

  • Ohnefalsch-Richter produced a plan of Bamboola.

    Bamboola, LarnakaBailey 1969, p. 38

  • Max Ohnefalsch-Richter made two detailed plans and many illustrations for the east acropolis.

    Horacek 2023, p. 150

  • M. Ohnefalsch-Richter illustrated the Kourion figurine with drawings.

    the figurine found in a tomb at KourionNo. CA 2139Karageorghis 1991, p. 26

  • Max Ohnefalsch-Richter reported that he drew an unpublished plan of the Bamboula works for the Government.

    unpublished plan of the worksKiely & Fourrier 2012, p. 279

  • Max Ohnefalsch Richter made careful drawings of the building and measured its stones on the spot.

    Drawings of the building at SalamisSalamisOhnefalsch-Richter 1883, p. 112

  • Max Ohnefalsch-Richter made watercolours of the Salamis mosaic.

    mosaic of Orpheus and the BeastsRogge et al. 2019, p. 679

Show 1 more

  • Max Ohnefalsch-Richter's drawings showed comparable groupings of figures in several sanctuaries.

    groupings of figures in sanctuariesAchna, Voni, Idalion and PhrangissaSenff 2016, p. 239

Employed by3
Catalogued the collection of1
Published material of1
Founded1
Connected with1

  • Max Ohnefalsch-Richter reported that he published sketches of Bamboula's architecture and finds in The Graphic.

    Connected with The Graphicsketches of the architecture and other findsKiely & Fourrier 2012, p. 279

Other work3

  • 1890Max Ohnefalsch-Richter visited Kouklia with Dörpfeld.

    Maier 1997, p. 131

  • Max Ohnefalsch-Richter listed thirteen sacred sites in and around ancient Idalion in his work.

    Gaber 2024, p. 122

  • M. Ohnefalsch Richter first described the rectangular-curving stone found beside the structure.

    SalamisUssishkin 1971, p. 99

Objects

  • Marble statuette of Artemis (the 'Artemis of Larnaca'), Hellenistic, found by chance at Larnaca in 1880

    From Larnaca (Kition)Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna (Antikensammlung) cat. no. 3 (inventory number not read)29 October 1884Bernhard-Walcher et al. 1999

  • Handmade red-brown polished vessel with white-filled incisions (Bronze Age), Ayia Paraskevi tomb 11 or 12 (1885)

    From Ayia Paraskevi (Nicosia), tomb 11 or 12Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna (Antikensammlung) IV 18571895Bernhard-Walcher et al. 1999Ohnefalsch-Richter 1893, vol. I p. 63

  • Bronze phiale from Amathous

    From AmathusVienna VI 4988/161341890Buchholz 1989

  • Bronze Age vase, Ayia Paraskevi (cat. IV 4473 and other Bronze Age vases)

    From Ayia Paraskevi (Nicosia)Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna (Antikensammlung) IV 44731890Bernhard-Walcher et al. 1999

  • Idalion Aphrodite sanctuary finds, 151 pieces

    From IdalionBadisches Landesmuseum, Karlsruhe1887Buchholz 1989

  • Marion necropolis finds from the Hôtel Drouot sale, about 300 objects

    From Marion (Polis tis Chrysochou)Antikensammlung, BerlinMay 1887Recke 2012

  • Idalion Aphrodite sanctuary finds, about 500 objects

    From IdalionAntikensammlung, Berlin1887Recke 2012

  • Limniti sanctuary finds, about 170 objects

    From LimnitiAntikensammlung, Berlin1888Recke 2012

  • Tamassos finds from the 1889 Berlin-funded dig, about 800 objects

    From Tamassos (Lambertis, Ayios Mnason etc.)Antikensammlung, Berlin1889Recke 2012

  • Idalion finds of the 1894 dig, about 300 objects

    From IdalionAntikensammlung, Berlin1894Recke 2012

  • 'Gute Collection B', 243 Cypriot objects (195 ceramics, 9 terracottas, a lamp, 8 gold items, 21 metal objects, stone tools, 34 spindle whorls)

    From Marion, Tamassos? (not secure)Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Mainz1897–1898Tatton-Brown 2001, p. 202Recke 2012

  • Weisbach/Ohnefalsch-Richter collection ('Elite' A and B, Gute/Typen collections): Kition-Kamelarga, Lapithos-Sotiros, Limniti, Mersinaki?, Ayia Paraskevi, Pyla pieces

    From variousMuseum für Völkerkunde, Leipzig (since 1976 Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Berlin)December 1898Tatton-Brown 2001, p. 202Recke 2012

  • Group of Cypriot vases and bronzes ('Bulwer-Coll., plot 1', Tamassos)

    From TamassosFitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge Bulwer Coll.March 1892Buchholz 1989

  • Phrangissa finds (ROM 958.61.280 and 958.61.302)

    From Tamassos-PhrangissaRoyal Ontario Museum, Toronto 958.61.280; 958.61.302from 1894Recke 2018

  • Bronze hairpin with birds, spirals and pendants; contents of a Pyla tomb (38 items), offered 2 April 1895

    From Pyla (tomb plundered 1895)2 April 1895Fivel 1996, pp. 31-33

Discussed in documents

Also named in

On Ancient Cyprus

24 pages

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