Foreman · Workman · Finder
Christofis Christodoulou
fl. 1870–1885 · Ottoman
Digger from Scia whose 1884 affidavit says he found the richest "Curium Treasure" tomb at Episkopi while Cesnola was away; it was later added to Stillman's report.
Biography
Christofis Christodoulou made his mark on an affidavit in Limassol in June 1884 that disputes how the "Curium Treasure" of Luigi Palma di Cesnola was found. It was translated for him by Theodore E. Maurogordato, who certified it on 26 June, and the mark was certified on 27 June 18841. In it he gives his village as Scia, near Dali, and says he dug near Episkopi for a year together with Theocharis Koutsocheros1.
Christofis states that the richest tomb lay in the plain east of the mosaic hill, near the old church of Agios Armoenis. He says that he, and not Theocharis, found it first, after a man called Savas from Pyrga had noticed the rock-cutting and left it. He describes three chambers, never four, and says that Cesnola was away for nearly the whole of the work and never went down into the tomb1. He also says that objects shown in Cesnola's book came from other tombs, among them a cart that he found elsewhere1,4.
The statement was addressed to Max Ohnefalsch-Richter. It was published in L'Homme on 25 March 1885 and added to W. J. Stillman's report1. Olivier Masson found that it agrees with Theocharis's statement on the essentials, but differs on who made the discovery and on whether the tomb had three chambers or four2. Cesnola's own account gives four4. Given cites him as an example of workers who enter the record only when competing parties use them5. Nothing is recorded of him after 1884.
Life and work
- 1875Worked for Cesnola for about a year (his own words: 'I have digged together with Theocharis Koutsocheros, near Episcopi, during one year'). On the mosaic hill he dug with Cesnola sitting nearby on a chair and found nothing under the mosaic; the American had offered a thousand pounds bakshish if they could cut out the mosaic and bring it to Larnaca; Theocharis, he says, told the elder Cesnola he had broken it himself earlier on the younger Cesnola Alexander's orders.
Kourion (Episkopi)Marangou 2000, p. 339
- 1875By his affidavit he, not Theocharis, first found the richest tomb (three chambers, never four) down in the plain east of the hill near the old church of Agios Armoenis: Savas from Pyrga first noticed the rock-cutting and left it saying there was no tomb, then he dug a larger hole and reached the tomb's road. Cesnola was away for nearly the whole work (at Ormidhia, then Larnaca) and never descended into the tomb; the first clearing took about three days; the tomb was re-opened through the hole over the middle chamber when Cesnola came back, giving two more gold rings. Disorder inside, no gold-, silver- and bronze-chambers, 'three or four segar boxes' of gold and silver; pottery left broken on Cesnola's order ('You have to break all these articles, they have no value for me').
Kourion-Ayios ErmoyenisMarangou 2000, p. 340
- 1875Says objects shown to him from Cesnola's book came from elsewhere than the three-chamber tomb: the cart (found by him in another tomb, with two pottery pigs, a marching female figure, a gold ring, a silver ring, a silver plate; broken by Theocharis's foot and so glued by 'the American'), the thick inscribed bracelets (found by 'Theocharis or a man called Giannis from the village of Mosphiloti'), the gold plate if gold, the big jar; he had never seen the 'cylinders' or the agate object; nearly eighty gems from one place seems to him impossible.
KourionMarangou 2000, p. 341
- 26 June 1884Affidavit taken at Limassol, addressed to 'Mr. Richter' (it refers to a sketch Richter made from his description and proposes that the tomb be re-opened): marked with his X, translated to him by Theodore E. Maurogordato on 26 June 1884 and certified in the district court of Limassol on 27 June 1884.
LimassolMarangou 2000, p. 341Masson 1984
- 27 June 1884NamedSworn/certified deposition (affidavit) at Limassol, 26-27 June 1884; not a proceeding against him. Marangou describes him and Koutsocheris as Cesnola's two 'loyal' foremen whom Stillman 'managed to make turn against him' and says Cesnola 'easily bought' some of his former men (without naming Christofis).
- 25 March 1885Affidavit published in L'Homme (25 March 1885, as Marangou's heading has it) and included by W. J. Stillman in his report to the American Numismatic and Archaeological Society (28 March 1885).
Connections
6 peopleFieldwork & employment
- Employed by Luigi Palma di Cesnola1870–1885
Disputes & the law
- Testified about Max Ohnefalsch-Richter1884–1885
- Testified about Luigi Palma di Cesnola1885
- Testified about William James Stillman1885
Colleagues & contacts
- Connected with Giannis1875
- Connected with Savvas1875
- Worked with Theocharis Koutsocheris1875
- Connected with Max Ohnefalsch-Richter1885
- Met Max Ohnefalsch-Richter1885
- Connected with William James Stillman1885
Sources
- 1.A. G. Marangou (ed.) (2000). The Consul Luigi Palma di Cesnola 1832-1904: Life and Deeds.
- 2.O. Masson (1984). “Cesnola et le trésor de Curium (I)”. Cahiers du Centre d'Études Chypriotes 1.
- 3.O. Masson (1984). “Cesnola et le trésor de Curium (II)”. Cahiers du Centre d'Études Chypriotes 2.
- 4.L. P. di Cesnola (1878). Cyprus: Its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples.
- 5.Michael Given (2025). “Over the landscape, in the landscape? Knowledge and agency in Cypriot archaeology, 1870-1910”. Empire & Excavation: Critical perspectives on archaeology in British-period Cyprus, 1878-1960. Leiden, Sidestone Press.