Ancient CyprusAncient Cyprus

Excavator · Archaeologist · Collector · Museum buyer

James Rivers Barrington Stewart

1913–1962 · Australia

Sydney archaeologist who dug the Vounous cemetery in 1937-38, built the Nicholson Museum's Cypriot collection by excavation and by purchase from Nicosia dealers, and died in 1962.

Biography

James Rivers Barrington Stewart dug the Early Bronze Age cemetery at Vounous in 1937 and 1938, and twenty years later was buying antiquities in Nicosia for a museum in Sydney, purchases that Cyprus's Director of Antiquities, A. H. S. Megaw, called embarrassing. He was born in Sydney on 3 July 1913, the only child of the engineer and businessman Albyn Athol Stewart and Florence Morris1. He went to The Leys School, Cambridge, in 1930, then to Trinity Hall to read history and archaeology, and took his BA in 19341,6.

Vounous

In the winter of 1933-34 he worked with Petrie at Tell el-'Ajjul1. He married Eleanor Neal in England in 19351,8. A Wilkins fellowship took him to Asia Minor in 1935-36, where he dug at Babakoy with Kurt Bittel and at Kusura with Winifred Lamb6. His first recorded visit to Cyprus came in 1936, when he met Porphyrios Dikaios and Megaw1. He bought pots and sherds on that trip, some for the Cambridge museum of archaeology, and Powell records that he was scandalised to find the Inspector of Antiquities, Gunnis, dealing in antiquities1.

With Eleanor Stewart he directed the Vounous excavation in 1937 and 1938 and opened 84 rock-cut tombs3. The British School at Athens sponsored the work without giving money. Walter Beasley, Stewart's father, Charles Marston, Charles Hyde and the Craven Fund paid for it3,5. The finds were divided. The British Museum paid 50 pounds in 1939 or 1940 for two tomb groups, a sum Kiely suggests covered only transport and expenses, Birmingham took Hyde's share, and other material went to the Cyprus Museum and the Nicholson Museum in Sydney5. Antiquity reported in 1951 that part of the excavator's share had gone to Birmingham through Hyde's generosity23. Manchester Museum holds vessels from Tomb 13915. The field report appeared in 1950 under the names of Eleanor and J. R. Stewart17.

His own purchases began in the same years. In August 1937 he bought a small terracotta winged horse and about 60 Lusignan coins from George Basil Palma in Famagusta2.

The Nicholson Museum and the dealers

He joined the Cyprus Regiment in 1941, was captured on Crete in May of that year and remained a prisoner of war until April 19451,3. He moved to the University of Sydney in 1946 or 1947 (the sources differ) and in 1947 stopped in Cyprus to plan an Australian expedition that was never mounted3,6. In 1949 he acquired a hoard of over 3,000 Roman coins from Taunton at auction for the Nicholson Museum1, and the University of Sydney, through him, supported the 1950 excavation at Kouklia in return for a share of the finds3,11. His first marriage ended after a final break in October 19471, and he married Eve Dray Stewart in 1951 or 19523. He became Honorary Curator of the Nicholson Museum in 19543.

Eve acted as his agent in Cyprus from the end of 1946. He sent her to the Nicosia dealer Petros Kolokasides, who gave her 51 coins from Stavrokono1. In 1947 he bought 82 medieval vessels from the dealer, whom Barker spells "P. Koloasides", for the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney3. Around 1950 he told Basil Hennessy to call on the dealer and not to discuss it in front of museum staff1. In 1955 he bought three gold bands, said to come from Enkomi, with export licences granted by Dikaios1. In 1956 he bought four gold diadems and mouthpieces from the same dealer, said to come from the Palma collection; Stewart claimed they came from Enkomi and had been found in 19362. Merrillees's four diadems and Powell's three bands may be the same group.

In 1959 Vassos Karageorghis negotiated on his behalf over a group of Philia-stage bronzes and pots held by the dealer and thought to come from a looted tomb at Vasilia. The Cyprus Museum took four metal items and Stewart took the rest, now in the Sydney collection1. In 1960 he wrote to Christopher Blunt that the dealer was "my general agent for antiquities in Cyprus and the best of the coin dealers", and that he had a standing order for Lusignan coins1. In 1961 he bought Iron Age vases from Cypriot dealers for the Friends of the Nicholson Museum3.

Megaw wrote that the scale of Stewart's purchases from the local market was embarrassing, because the authorities were bound to watch the link between licensed dealers' trade and clandestine excavation, and that the purchases "must be regarded as a potential inducement to them"1. Kiely says that Stewart's use of local dealers greatly perturbed Megaw5. Powell reports that Stewart bought legally and that most authorities granted export licences1. In letters Stewart called the dealer "a crook" and "not particularly honest"1. No proceedings against Stewart are reported.

Excavation in the 1950s

For the University of Melbourne he dug at Vasilia and Nicosia-Ayia Paraskevi in 1955; the division of finds left the Cyprus Museum the best Vasilia tomb and the largest tomb at Ayia Paraskevi9. In 1960 he became the first Edwin Cuthbert Hall Professor of Middle Eastern Archaeology at Sydney6, and that year gave the Nicholson Museum fragments of an amphoroid krater from Stephania Tomb 2, a looted tomb3. His last season was at Karmi in 1961, at Lapatsa and Palealona, with Robert Merrillees and Betty Cameron on his team1,10. His co-authored volume with Dikaios, The Stone Age and the Early Bronze Age in Cyprus, was published in 196218.

He died at Bathurst, New South Wales, on 6 February 1962, of hypertension and cardiac failure, and was buried at Mount Pleasant, the property where he and Eve lived and where his excavated and purchased antiquities were kept1,3. His wish that Sydney University should eventually own his property, library and collections went unheeded1. Eve tried to sell his coin collection of about 5,000 pieces to the Museum of Arts and Sciences in Sydney, but it went to A. H. Baldwin & Sons of London1. Baldwin's was still selling lots marked "ex J R Stewart collection" in 201432. His plaster casts of over 6,000 medieval Cypriot coins were later given to the American Numismatic Society by its councillor John J. Slocum21, and Eve gave a group of his Frankish Greece coins to the Ashmolean Museum33.

Life and work

  1. 3 July 1913
    Born, only child of Albyn Athol (A. A.) Stewart, engineer and businessman, and Florence Morris.

    SydneyJudy Powell (2013). Love's Obsession: The Lives and Archaeology of Jim and Eve Stewart. Kent Town, South Australia, Wakefield Press, pp. 127-128

  2. 1930–1934
  3. 1933–1934
    Worked with Eleanor on Petrie's last Tell el-'Ajjul season (Nov 1933-Apr 1934).

    Tell el-'AjjulJudy Powell (2013). Love's Obsession: The Lives and Archaeology of Jim and Eve Stewart. Kent Town, South Australia, Wakefield Press, p. 43

  4. 1935
  5. 1935–1936
    Wilkins fellowship: Asia Minor survey and digging (Babakoy with Kurt Bittel, Kusura with Winifred Lamb); first recorded visit to Cyprus, staying with Hilton, meeting Dikaios and Megaw.

    Turkey and CyprusJudy Powell (2013). Love's Obsession: The Lives and Archaeology of Jim and Eve Stewart. Kent Town, South Australia, Wakefield Press, pp. 46-47; Eric M. Meyers (ed.) (1997). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. New York, Oxford University Press

  6. 1936
    Collected sherds and bought pots in Cyprus and Turkey, partly for Lewis Clark at the Cambridge University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology; wrote to Wace describing them. Powell: 'no suggestion of impropriety'. Stewart was scandalised that Inspector of Antiquities Gunnis dealt in antiquities.

    CyprusJudy Powell (2013). Love's Obsession: The Lives and Archaeology of Jim and Eve Stewart. Kent Town, South Australia, Wakefield Press, p. 47

  7. 1937–1938
  8. August 1937
    Bought '1 small Winged Horse (Sphinx)' from George Basil Palma of Famagusta; also c. 60 Lusignan coins of Henry II and Hugh IV from Palma.

    FamagustaRobert Stuart Merrillees (2014). George Basil Palma, Chemist and Collector of Cypriote Antiquities in Famagusta, Cyprus, in the 20th Century A.D.. Cahiers du Centre d'Études Chypriotes 44

  9. 1937
    Professor J.R. Stewart excavated a number of tombs at the Early Bronze Age cemetery at Vounous near Bellapais in 1937-38.

    Press and Information Office, Republic of Cyprus, press release No. 9 of 10 February 1962, «Death of famous Proffessor of Archaelogy»

  10. 1937
  11. 1937
    Excavated Bellapais-Vounous 1937–38 under the BSA aegis; published the fieldwork record late, having been a prisoner of war; with Eleanor Stewart chose plans and photos to 'explain'.

    Leriou & Vavouranakis 2025, 'Communicating archaeology in British-period Cyprus: from Ohnefalsch-Richter to Dikaios', in Kiely, Reeve & Crewe (eds), Empire & Excavation

  12. 1937
    Young Australian who led the BSA-sponsored Vounous dig 1937-38 with his wife; dug Stephania; curator at the Nicholson Museum, Sydney; studied Schaeffer's Vounous finds in the 1950s.

    Dikaios 1940, 'The Excavations at Vounous-Bellapais in Cyprus, 1931-2', Archaeologia 88; Myres 1951, Antiquity 25; Weinberg 1953, AJA 57, p. 29; Stewart 1960, pp. 290-292; Dunn-Vaturi 2001

  13. 1939–1940
  14. 14 January 1939
    British Museum trustees' meeting of 14 January reported a collection of Bronze Age pottery from two graves at Vounous, excavated by Stewart, of Early Cypriote Ia, Ib (c. 2800-2700 BC by the date then used) and IIa.

    London(1939). Nature, 21 January 1939, vol. 143, no. 3612: 'Recent Additions to the British Museum (Bloomsbury)', p. 1933

  15. 1939
    Sold 53 objects (among them 'bowl', reg. 1939,0217.1) to the British Museum.

    British Museum collection online, reg. 1939,0217.1; 1939,0217.10; 1939,0217.11

  16. 1939
    Excavated 54 objects (among them 'bowl', reg. 1939,0217.1); now in the British Museum.

    British Museum collection online, reg. 1939,0217.1; 1939,0217.10; 1939,0217.11

  17. 1939–1940
    Of the University of Melbourne; excavated Early Bronze Age tomb-groups at Vounous which the BM purchased in 1939 and 1940.

    Tatton-Brown 1987, Ancient Cyprus (British Museum), Preface

  18. 1939
    Gave the Fitzwilliam a group of Vounous (Bellapais) material in 1939.

    Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, reg. GR.6c.1939, GR.5t.1939, GR.5u.1939

  19. 1940
    Gave an object ('Cylinder seal, three human figures, each holding scimitar in right han', inv. AN1940.229) to the Ashmolean Museum in 1940.

    Ashmolean Museum collection online, 'Cylinder seal, three human figures, each holding scimitar in right han', inv. AN1940.229

  20. 1940
    Allotted an object ('axe', reg. 1940,0424.3) to the British Museum in a division of finds.

    British Museum collection online, 'axe', reg. 1940,0424.3

  21. 1941
  22. 1946–1947
  23. 1946–1947
    Used Eve Dray as his 'agent' in Cyprus from the end of 1946; sent her to Petro Colocassides to track Paphos (Stavrokono) coins; Colocassides gave her 51 coins for Stewart.

    NicosiaJudy Powell (2013). Love's Obsession: The Lives and Archaeology of Jim and Eve Stewart. Kent Town, South Australia, Wakefield Press, pp. 95

  24. 1946–1960
    named as having written about the Vounous material packing; to finance transport of the Vounous material to Australia in Claude Schaeffer's papers (Collège de France), 11 documents, 1946–1960.

    Collège de France, Paris, Fonds Claude Schaeffer (34 CDF), 34 CDF art. 176, «[Lettre de Megaw à Schaeffer à propos du partage et des exportations]», 19 March 1956of 2, Collège de France, Paris, Fonds Claude Schaeffer (34 CDF), 34 CDF art. 176, «[Correspondance entre Schaeffer et Megaw à propos du partage et de la suite des fouilles]», 1956of 10, Collège de France, Paris, Fonds Claude Schaeffer (34 CDF), 34 CDF art. 176, «[Correspondance entre Schaeffer et Megaw à propos du partage et des découvertes de Dikaios]», 4 December 1956of 4, Collège de France, Paris, Fonds Claude Schaeffer (34 CDF), 34 CDF art. 176, «[Lettre de Megaw à Schaeffer à propos de la poursuite des fouilles par Dikaios]», 11 January 1957of 2, Collège de France, Paris, Fonds Claude Schaeffer (34 CDF), 34 CDF art. 176, «[Lettre de Schaeffer à Dikaios à propos de l'avancée des fouilles]», 22 October 1957of 2, and 6 more

  25. 1947
    Purchased 82 medieval (13th-14th c.) vessels from the Nicosia dealer 'P. Koloasides' for the Powerhouse Museum, Sydney (probably from the Polis area).

    NicosiaCraig Barker (2012). Aphrodite's Island: The Cypriot Collection of the Nicholson Museum. Sydney, Nicholson Museum, University of Sydney

  26. October 1947
  27. 1948–1962
    'The late Professor J. R. Stewart'; EBA sequence based on Vounous; wrote the Cypriot section of the Nicholson Museum Handbook (1948) and SCE IV:1A (1962).

    Robertson (ed.) 1975, The Archaeology of Cyprus: Recent Developments, pp. 10–11, 21, 28–29, 41, 58–23, 33, 40–41, 53, 70)

  28. 1949
    Acquired by auction a hoard of over 3,000 Roman coins from Taunton for the Nicholson Museum.

    TauntonJudy Powell (2013). Love's Obsession: The Lives and Archaeology of Jim and Eve Stewart. Kent Town, South Australia, Wakefield Press, p. 248

  29. 1949
  30. 1950
    Via Stewart the University of Sydney supported the 1950 Kouklia excavation, in return for a share of the finds; also funded Sydney's share of Myrtou-Pighades and Stephania work.

    KoukliaT. B. Mitford, J. H. Iliffe (1951). Excavations at Kouklia (Old Paphos), Cyprus, 1950. Antiquaries Journal 31, 51-66; Craig Barker (2012). Aphrodite's Island: The Cypriot Collection of the Nicholson Museum. Sydney, Nicholson Museum, University of Sydney

  31. 1950–1951
    Instructed Basil Hennessy to meet Colocassides ('top of Onasagoras Street') and not to discuss dealings in front of Museum staff; Hennessy collected gold coins for him and, with Trendall, left them at Tjiklos for fear of export checks.

    NicosiaJudy Powell (2013). Love's Obsession: The Lives and Archaeology of Jim and Eve Stewart. Kent Town, South Australia, Wakefield Press, p. 141

  32. 1951–1952
  33. 1951
    Antiquity reported that part of the excavator's share of the Vounous tomb finds went to Birmingham (Hyde's share) and the remainder to the Nicholson Museum, Sydney, where Stewart was by then a curator. (a review of Stewart and Stewart, Vounous 1937-38, by the Antiquity reviewer, who records that Sir Charles Hyde's generosity brought part of the excavator's share to Birmingham)

    Antiquity (1951). Antiquity vol. 25 (nos. 97-100), note on the Vounous finds and Hyde's share. Antiquity

  34. 1951
    Excavated 280 objects (among them 'Complete reconstructed ear-lug pot', inv. 1951.1074 A); now in the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge.

    Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge collection online, inv. 1951.1074 A; 1951.1075 A; 1951.1076 A

  35. 1953
    Mr. J. R. Stewart excavated two Early Bronze Age cemeteries, including a chamber-tomb west of Vasilia containing Egyptian alabaster vessels, and pit-graves on the southern outskirts of Nicosia. (1953)

    Colonial Office, Reports on Cyprus for 1953–1955 (bound together), p. 78

  36. 1954
  37. 1950s
    Megaw, Director of Antiquities, wrote in fury after the Sydney Vice-Chancellor complained that Dikaios had refused an export permit: 'the scale of your purchases from the local market is embarrassing as we are bound in controlling the licensed dealers to have in view their connection between their trade and clandestine excavations ... your purchases must be regarded as a potential inducement to them.' The university withdrew its complaint.

    NicosiaJudy Powell (2013). Love's Obsession: The Lives and Archaeology of Jim and Eve Stewart. Kent Town, South Australia, Wakefield Press, p. 111

  38. 1955
    Melbourne-sponsored digs at Vasilia-Kafkallia and Nicosia-Ayia Paraskevi; the division of finds (Dec 1955) left the Cyprus Museum the best Vasilia tomb and the largest Ayia Paraskevi tomb. On the same visit he bought more pots and three rare gold bands from Enkomi (which he said were found in 1936), with Dikaios granting export licences.

    CyprusA. H. S. Megaw (1955). Archaeology in Cyprus, 1955. Archaeological Reports 2, 41-46. Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies; Judy Powell (2013). Love's Obsession: The Lives and Archaeology of Jim and Eve Stewart. Kent Town, South Australia, Wakefield Press, p. 163

  39. 1955
    Says he 'rounded up everything I could for the Cyprus Museum in 1955' of the Ledra Street find (gold); later (1960) wrote that Petro was 'not particularly honest over the deal'. Attributed private opinion of Stewart's, not a finding.

    NicosiaJudy Powell (2013). Love's Obsession: The Lives and Archaeology of Jim and Eve Stewart. Kent Town, South Australia, Wakefield Press, p. 194

  40. 1955
    In 1955 Professor Stewart excavated Early Bronze Age necropolises at Vasilia in Kyrenia District and at Agia Paraskevi near Nicosia, with significant results.

    Press and Information Office, Republic of Cyprus, press release No. 9 of 10 February 1962, «Θάνατος διαπρεπούς Αρχαιολόγου»

  41. 1955–1962
    professor at the University of Sydney, writing about photographs of Cypriot material; writer; replies on the decorated Cypriot pottery and butterfly motif in Claude Schaeffer's papers (Collège de France), 7 documents, 1955–1962.

    Collège de France, Paris, Fonds Claude Schaeffer (34 CDF), 34 CDF art. 188, «[Lettre de Stewart à propos des photographies des matériaux de Vounous]», 30 January 1960of 2, Collège de France, Paris, Fonds Claude Schaeffer (34 CDF), 34 CDF art. 188, «[Lettre de Stewart à Schuster à propos des poteries chypriotes]», 1 September 1960of 2, Collège de France, Paris, Fonds Claude Schaeffer (34 CDF), 34 CDF art. 188, «[Correspondance entre Stewart et Schaeffer au sujet de Merillees]», 4 October 1961of 4, Collège de France, Paris, Fonds Claude Schaeffer (34 CDF), 34 CDF art. 188, «[Faire-part de décès de Stewart et condoléances de Schaeffer à sa veuve]», 6 February 1962of 4, Collège de France, Paris, Fonds Claude Schaeffer (34 CDF), 34 CDF art. 188, «[Lettre de Schaeffer à Cambitoglou à propos des collections de poteries de Vounous]», 30 July 1962of 4, and 2 more

  42. 1955–1961
    Through his agency Sydney University acquired much of a Philia-phase group (vases, bronzes) said to be from Vasilia, where he had dug in 1955; led the Melbourne University mission at Karmi (1961).

    Karageorghis, "Chronique des fouilles à Chypre [1959]", BCH 84 (1960); Karageorghis, "Chronique … à Chypre en 1961", BCH 86 (1962)

  43. 1955
    Australian authority on Early Cypriot pottery whose Cypriot excavations Karageorghis required published; hosted Åström at Bathurst, NSW (1955); subject with Eve Stewart of Powell's Love's Obsession.

    R. S. Merrillees and Annie Caubet, 2008, In memoriam Paul Åström (1929–2008), Cahiers du Centre d'Études Chypriotes 38, pp. 9–12

  44. 1955
    His Corpus of Cypriot Artefacts of the Early Bronze Age was being published posthumously; his 1955 cemetery digs at Nicosia Ayia Paraskevi and Vasilia Kafkallia reported.

    E. Herscher, 'Archaeology in Cyprus', AJA 99 (1995), p. 267

  45. 1956
    Bought four gold diadems and mouthpieces from Petros Colocassides, said to come from the Palma collection; Stewart claimed Enkomi, found 1936, not stolen from the French.

    NicosiaRobert Stuart Merrillees (2014). George Basil Palma, Chemist and Collector of Cypriote Antiquities in Famagusta, Cyprus, in the 20th Century A.D.. Cahiers du Centre d'Études Chypriotes 44

  46. 1956
    researcher studying Vounous pottery, engaged on a study of Vounous pottery in Claude Schaeffer's papers (Collège de France), 1 document, 1956.

    Collège de France, Paris, Fonds Claude Schaeffer (34 CDF), 34 CDF art. 188, «[Lettre de Schaeffer à Megaw à propos des fouilles à des poteries de Vounous]», 23 January 1956of 2

  47. 1959–1960
    Karageorghis negotiated on Stewart's behalf for a group of bronzes held by Colocassides that Stewart and the dealer thought came from Vasilia; Karageorghis (privately) doubted it. The Philia group Colocassides offered in 1959 was split between the Cyprus Museum (four metal items) and Stewart (the rest, now Sydney).

    NicosiaJudy Powell (2013). Love's Obsession: The Lives and Archaeology of Jim and Eve Stewart. Kent Town, South Australia, Wakefield Press, p. 183

  48. 1959–1963
  49. 1960
    Appointed the first Edwin Cuthbert Hall Professor of Middle Eastern Archaeology.

    SydneyEric M. Meyers (ed.) (1997). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. New York, Oxford University Press

  50. 1960
    Presented amphoroid krater fragments from looted Stephania Tomb 2 (cleared 1950) to the Nicholson Museum.

    SydneyCraig Barker (2012). Aphrodite's Island: The Cypriot Collection of the Nicholson Museum. Sydney, Nicholson Museum, University of Sydney

  51. 1960
    Wrote to Christopher Blunt introducing Colocassides as 'my general agent for antiquities in Cyprus and the best of the coin dealers'; had 'a standing order for all the Lusignan coins that come in' (479 gros and half-gros already).

    NicosiaJudy Powell (2013). Love's Obsession: The Lives and Archaeology of Jim and Eve Stewart. Kent Town, South Australia, Wakefield Press, p. 194

  52. 1960
    Asked Karageorghis to act as his agent to buy anything the Cyprus Museum did not want from the looted Dhenia area, free hand up to about 100 pounds.

    DeneiaJudy Powell (2013). Love's Obsession: The Lives and Archaeology of Jim and Eve Stewart. Kent Town, South Australia, Wakefield Press, p. 194

  53. 1961
    Bought a substantial number of Iron Age vases from Cypriot dealers on behalf of the Friends of the Nicholson Museum (including pieces from Dhenia).

    CyprusCraig Barker (2012). Aphrodite's Island: The Cypriot Collection of the Nicholson Museum. Sydney, Nicholson Museum, University of Sydney

  54. 1961
  55. 1961–1962
    Led a Melbourne University expedition 1961 excavating EC–MC cemeteries at Lapatsa and Paliaona, Karmi (Kamares cup, relief of naked woman); died Feb 1962.

    Dikaios, 'Archaeology in Cyprus, 1959–61', AR 8 (1961–62), pp. 32

  56. 1961–1973
    Ringling records: "Excavated by James R. B. Stewart in 1961, The University of Sydney"; Sydney donated the finds to the Ringling Museum in 1973.

    John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, reg. SN74.35, SN74.33; John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, reg. SN74.12, SN74.9, SN74.11

  57. 1961
  58. 6 February 1962
    Died at St Vincent's Hospital, Bathurst (hypertension and cardiac failure on the certificate); buried at Mount Pleasant. Stated wish that Sydney University eventually own his property, library and collections went unheeded.

    BathurstJudy Powell (2013). Love's Obsession: The Lives and Archaeology of Jim and Eve Stewart. Kent Town, South Australia, Wakefield Press, p. 211; Craig Barker (2012). Aphrodite's Island: The Cypriot Collection of the Nicholson Museum. Sydney, Nicholson Museum, University of Sydney

  59. 1962–1967
    After his death Eve tried to sell his c. 5,000-coin collection to the Museum of Arts and Sciences, Sydney (offer over 17,000 pounds; Eve's ask rose to 30,000) but it was sold to A. H. Baldwin & Sons of London. The excavated material and the 'Great Pottery Controversy' with Cambitoglou followed.

    Sydney / LondonJudy Powell (2013). Love's Obsession: The Lives and Archaeology of Jim and Eve Stewart. Kent Town, South Australia, Wakefield Press, pp. 223-228

  60. 1962
    Professor Stewart led an expedition that excavated two Early Bronze Age necropolises at Karmi; the most important find was a polychrome vessel imported from Crete, found in a 'Kamaraiko' tomb.

    Press and Information Office, Republic of Cyprus, press release No. 9 of 10 February 1962, «Θάνατος διαπρεπούς Αρχαιολόγου»

  61. 1962
    Professor Stewart wrote the Early Bronze Age chapter for the final volume of the Swedish mission's Cyprus results, and a chapter on Cyprus and the Near East for the Museum handbook.

    Press and Information Office, Republic of Cyprus, press release No. 9 of 10 February 1962, «Θάνατος διαπρεπούς Αρχαιολόγου»

  62. 1962
    At the University of Sydney Professor Stewart held the chair of Near Eastern archaeology and promoted the study of Cyprus archaeology; at his Blackheath home he built a library on Cyprus and Near Eastern archaeology, which was later converted into an archaeological institute.

    Press and Information Office, Republic of Cyprus, press release No. 9 of 10 February 1962, «Θάνατος διαπρεπούς Αρχαιολόγου»

  63. 1962
    Professor J.R. Stewart published the results of his Vounous tomb excavations himself in a volume printed in Sweden.

    Press and Information Office, Republic of Cyprus, press release No. 9 of 10 February 1962, «Death of famous Proffessor of Archaelogy»

  64. 1962
    Co-author with Dikaios of SCE IV:1A, The Stone Age and the Early Bronze Age in Cyprus (1962); disagreed 'flatly' with Dikaios over the Philia period.

    H. W. Catling, 1962/63, review of P. Dikaios and J. R. Stewart, The Stone Age and the Early Bronze Age in Cyprus (Swedish Cyprus Expedition IV:1A), Journal of Hellenic Studies 82/83, pp. 1–2

  65. 1979–1991
    His collection of plaster casts of over 6,000 coins of medieval Cyprus was given to the American Numismatic Society by its councillor John J. Slocum; the ANS was ordering the casts in winter 1991.

    New YorkAmerican Numismatic Society (1991). ANS Newsletter, Winter 1991. ANS Newsletter, leaf 9, p. 9

  66. 1991
    His collection of Frankish Greece coins, with pedigrees back to Lord Grantley, was given to the Ashmolean Museum by his widow.

    OxfordD. M. Metcalf (1991). D. M. Metcalf, 'A New Catalogue of Crusader Coins: Problems and Strategies', in Actes du XIe Congrès international de numismatique, Brussels 1991, pp. 144-145

  67. 4 May 2010
    Baldwin's Auction 65 (4-5 May 2010) sold some twenty lots of Lusignan and Venetian-period Cypriot silver marked 'ex J R Stewart collection'.

    London(2010). Baldwin's Auctions Ltd, Auction 65: The Strickland Neville Rolfe Collection ... (4-5 May 2010)

  68. 8 May 2013
    Baldwin's Auction 80 sold Stewart-provenance Cypriot gros (lots 2629, 2630, 2635, 2636) within the Paul Edis Collection of Crusader Coins, several tagged ex Stavrokono Hoard.

    LondonBaldwin's Auctions Ltd (n.d.). Auction number 80: Ancient, British and world coins (Stavrokono Hoard lots). lots 2629, 2630, 2635, lots 2629-2636

  69. 25 September 2014
    Baldwin's Auction 91 (Lusignan coins of Cyprus) sold Louis of Savoy gros and others 'ex J R Stewart collection', some 'from the Stavrokono Paphos hoard (1946)'.

    London(2014). Baldwin's Auctions Ltd, Auction 91: World Coins from the Åke Lindén Collection ... Lusignan Coins of Cyprus (25 September 2014)

  70. Undated
    Excavated 3 objects ('Jug with cut-away spout', 'Jug (part of shoulder, neck, spout and handle)', 'Amphora (fragmentary)'; inv. SN74.30 and others); now in the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art.

    John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art collection online, inv. SN74.30; SN74.31; SN74.32

  71. Undated
    Excavated 3 objects ('Amphora (Fragmentary) from Tomb 15 no. 38', 'Amphora (Fragmentary) Tomb 15. no. 34', 'Bowl (Fragmentary) Tomb 15 No 33 (Tag)'; inv. SN74.36 and others); now in the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art.

    John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art collection online, inv. SN74.36; SN74.37; SN74.38

  72. Undated
    Archaeologist of Cyprus, subject (with Eve Stewart) of Powell's Love's Obsession, the source on Megaw's licensed dealers.

    Judy Powell, 2013, Love's Obsession: The Lives and Archaeology of Jim and Eve Stewart, pp. 46-47

  73. Undated
    'Himself a collector of mainly licit antiquities'; appalled that a government Inspector of Antiquities (Gunnis) should deal in them.

    Judy Powell, 2013, Love's Obsession: The Lives and Archaeology of Jim and Eve Stewart, Wakefield Press

  74. Undated
  75. Undated
    Australian archaeologist (1913-1962) who excavated Cypriot Bronze Age cemeteries and led later Cyprus excavations.

    Craig Barker, "Island of Archaeology", Cyprus Today vol. 51, no. 1 (January–March 2013), pp. 36–39, p. 37.

  76. Undated
    Sydney-born, Cambridge-trained; directed Vounous 1937-38; POW 1941-45; Sydney University from 1946, first Edwin Cuthbert Hall Professor 1960; dug Ayia Paraskevi and Vasilia 1955, Lapatsa and Palealona 1960-61; EBA corpus; Lusignan coins.

    OEANE 1997, s.v. 'Stewart, James Rivers Barrington'–2130

  77. Undated
    Gave Cypriote antiquities to the Fitzwilliam Museum; Bronze Age tomb groups from his excavations at Vounous and elsewhere belong to Cambridge's Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.

    Karageorghis 1998, 'Cypriote Antiquities in Foreign Museums', CCEC 28, p. 119 (p. 118)

  78. Undated
    'The late J. R. Stewart' excavated the Early Cypriot I (Philia phase) cemetery of Vasilia at 'Evrima'.

    Karageorghis, Chronique des fouilles ... à Chypre en 1965, BCH 90 (1966)

Through their hands

33 records

Came from

Own excavations×27
George Basil Palma1937
Petros Kolokasides1937
Claude Frédéric-Armand Schaeffer×2
Cyprus Museum
Department of Antiquities
Sources not named1949
A book dealer
A dealer

and 4 more in the ledger

James Rivers Barrington Stewart

Went to

1961Marion Steven
×2Nicholson Museum
Australian Centre for Ancient Numismatic Studies (ACANS), Macquarie University
Birmingham Museum of Art
Fitzwilliam Museum
The Cyprus Museum
University of Sydney
SaleGift or bequestPassed onWho objects came from and went to, as the sources record it
  1. 1937

    PurchasePalma sold a small Winged Horse to Mr J. [R.] Stuart, of Bellapais.

    Bought from George Basil Palma1 small Winged Horse (Sphinx)Merrillees 2014, p. 416Merrillees 2014, p. 417

  2. 1937–1961

    PurchaseJ.R.B. Stewart acquired a group of metal and pottery objects from Petros Colocassides.

    Bought from Petros KolokasidesNine metal artefacts, seven pottery vessels and a pottery lidNicosiaMerrillees 2014, p. 417Webb et al. 2006, p. 261Webb & Frankel 1999, p. 8Webb & Frankel 1999, p. 13

  3. 1947

    NoteJ. R. Stewart requested that Cypriot material be transferred to the Nicholson Museum in Sydney.

    Connected with Nicholson Museumthis materialHistory of the Fitzwilliam…, p. 361

  4. 1949

    AcquisitionJim acquired a hoard of over three thousand Roman coins by auction in 1949.

    TauntonPowell 2013, p. 250

  5. 1961–1962

    TransferMarion Steven received a share of the Karmi finds and items from Ayia Paraskevi on behalf of the Logie Collection.

    Passed objects to Marion StevenKiely 2017, p. 274

  6. n.d.

    GiftStewart donated items from his own collection to the Nicholson Museum.

    Gave to Nicholson MuseumSydneyBarker & Merrillees 2017, p. 55

  7. n.d.

    SaleManuscriptsThe University of Sydney bought the manuscript from Stewart's estate, according to his widow.

    Sold to University of Sydneythe MSNo. Stewart MS 1Constantinides & Browning 1993, p. 300

  8. n.d.

    AgencyJames R. Stewart acted as intermediary through whom the University of Sydney acquired many objects.

    Agent for Université de Sydneyun grand nombre de ces objetsKarageorghis 1960, p. 245

  9. n.d.

    GiftJames R. Stewart gave Cypriote antiquities to the Fitzwilliam Museum.

    Gave to Fitzwilliam MuseumKarageorghis 1998, p. 118

  10. n.d.

    GiftJ. R. Stewart donated the Ménélas gold coin to the Australian Centre for Ancient Numismatic Studies.

    Gave to Australian Centre for Ancient Numismatic Studies (ACANS), Macquarie UniversityMénélas, 1/12 de statère d'orNo. inv. 07A15Markou 2019, p. 385Rogge et al. 2019, p. 385

  11. n.d.

    Gift receivedClaude Schaeffer gave J.R. Stewart a souvenir from the Bellapais Vounous pottery.

    Received from Claude Frédéric-Armand SchaefferMerrillees 2007, p. 89

  12. n.d.

    Gift receivedThe Department of Antiquities reportedly gave about 30 Gladstone Street pots to J.R. Stewart as compensation for pots from Vasilia Tomb 103.

    Received from Department of AntiquitiesAbout 30 pots from several tombs in Gladstone StreetGladstone Street, NicosiaMerrillees 2008, p. 63

Show 21 more
  1. n.d.

    TransferpossiblyPart of the excavator's share came to Birmingham Museum of Art.

    Passed objects to Birmingham Museum of ArtMyres 1951, p. 98

  2. n.d.

    TransferpossiblyThe remainder of the excavator's share went to Nicholson Museum at Sydney.

    Passed objects to Nicholson MuseumMyres 1951, p. 98

  3. n.d.

    AgencyJim Stewart bought pots for Lewis Clark at the Cambridge University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.

    Agent for Lewis ClarkPowell 2013, p. 47

  4. n.d.

    AgencyEve Dray acted as Jim Stewart's agent in pursuing coins from the Paphos hoard.

    Represented by Dorothy Evelyn Stewart (née Dray)CyprusPowell 2013, p. 95

  5. n.d.

    BequestManuscriptsJim Stewart bequeathed his personal library to the Cyprus Museum.

    Bequeathed to The Cyprus MuseumPowell 2013, p. 67

  6. n.d.

    NoteJim instructed Eve to mark pots sent from Cyprus as having no commercial value to avoid close inspection.

    Connected with Dorothy Evelyn Stewart (née Dray)Powell 2013, p. 112

  7. n.d.

    TransferSchaeffer agreed to hand over all his Vounous finds to Jim Stewart for mending and study at Bathurst.

    Received objects from Claude Frédéric-Armand SchaefferParisPowell 2013, p. 165

  8. n.d.

    AgencyJim described Petro as his general agent for antiquities in Cyprus and said he had a standing order for Lusignan coins.

    Represented by Petros Kolokasidesantiquities in Cyprus; Lusignan coinsPowell 2013, p. 195

  9. n.d.

    AgencyJim asked Vassos to act as his agent and buy objects the Cyprus Museum did not want.

    Represented by Vassos Karageorghisanything the Cyprus Museum did not wantup to about £100Powell 2013, p. 184Powell 2013, p. 195

  10. n.d.

    Gift receivedJim and Eve were offered a tomb group from the Cyprus Museum’s collection as compensation for their finds.

    Received from Cyprus Museumanother tomb group from the Cyprus Museum’s own collectionPowell 2013, p. 164

  11. n.d.

    FundingJim continued to offer financial support for Dikaios’s publication of the Enkomi site.

    Financed Porphyrios Dikaiospublication of the Late Bronze Age site of EnkomiPowell 2013, p. 196

  12. n.d.

    CollectionThe eye-pitcher was formerly in the J.R. Stewart collection.

    Bathurst, AustraliaÅström 2007, p. 99

  13. n.d.

    AcquisitionManuscriptsStewart acquired the manuscript from a book dealer in Florence.

    With a book dealerthe MSNo. Stewart 1Constantinides & Browning 1993, p. 299

  14. n.d.

    ExportJames Stewart exported the pendant and other excavation and survey material to Australia.

    Frankel & Webb 2004, p. 2

  15. n.d.

    AcquisitionJames Stewart built up the Nicholson Museum collections, including material from Cyprus, using local dealers.

    With local dealersCypriot antiquitiesKiely 2017, p. 274

  16. n.d.

    PurchaseJ.R. Stewart bought Cypriote antiquities from licensed dealers in Cyprus.

    With licensed dealers in CyprusMerrillees 2008, p. 63

  17. n.d.

    ExportJ.R. Stewart legally exported the purchased Cypriote antiquities to Australia.

    Cypriote antiquities bought from licensed dealersMerrillees 2008, p. 63

  18. n.d.

    PurchaseJim Stewart waited for villagers to offer objects for sale and bought most of what was offered, legally.

    With villagersobjects offered for salecafesPowell 2013, p. 47

  19. n.d.

    PurchaseMegaw warned Stewart that the scale of his purchases from the local market was embarrassing.

    With local marketPowell 2013, p. 112

  20. n.d.

    ExportJim arranged shipment to Sydney of archaeological material from Cyprus and Lebanon.

    pottery, stone and bronze objects, gold headbands, ancient coins and pottery and metal objectsfrom Cyprus and Lebanon to SydneyPowell 2013, p. 166

  21. n.d.

    AcquisitionprobablyJ.R. Stewart's incised RP(P) flask was probably acquired from a dealer.

    With a dealeran incised RP(P) flaskWebb & Frankel 1999, p. 13

Excavations

7 projects

In the field

49 records

Where they worked in the field

  • Ground above 200, 500, 1,000 m

Sites

  1. 1Bellapais Vounous
  2. 2Pano Dhikomo-Mavro Nero (approx.)
  3. 3Kyrenia
  4. 4Nicosia-Ayia Paraskevi (approx.)
  5. 5Vasilia (approx.)
  6. 6Vasilia-Kafkallia (approx.)
  7. 7Karmi-Palealona (approx.)
  8. 8Vasilia-Kilistra (approx.)
Modern coastline (OpenStreetMap) and relief (Copernicus DEM). Tap or hover a site for what the sources record there.

Bellapais Vounous

1937–1938

Pano Dhikomo-Mavro Nero

1937–1960

  • Excavated · 1937–1960possiblyStewart salvaged or excavated seven artefacts from tombs at three sites in northern Cyprus.

    Seven metal artefacts from tombsWebb et al. 2006, p. 261

Sphagion

1951

  • Excavated with · 1951J. Basil Hennessy joined Jim Stewart in Cyprus and undertook salvage work at Sphagion.

    Excavated with Basil HennessyRoman period cemetery at SphagionBourke 2014, p. 1

Evriman cemetery, west of Karsiyaka

1955

Karmi

1955–1960

Kyrenia

1955–1961

Nicosia-Ayia Paraskevi

1955

  • Excavated · 1955J.R. Stewart excavated a series of shallow pit tombs and a possible chamber tomb at Nicosia-Ayia Paraskevi.

    No. Tombs 3–3A, 4, 6, 9, 12, and 14–14AWebb & Frankel 1999, p. 10

Vasilia

1955

Vasilia-Kafkallia

1955

  • Found · 1955Stewart found nine metal artefacts beneath the plaster lining of the dromos at Vasilia Kafkallia Tomb 1.

    Webb et al. 2006, p. 266

Karmi-Palealona

1960

Ayia Paraskevi

  • Held a permit to digJim’s group obtained permits from the Department of Antiquities and permission from the landowners to excavate at Ayia Paraskevi.

    excavation at Ayia ParaskeviPowell 2013, p. 162

Cyprus

Kaminia

  • Corresponded withHunter wrote to Stewart about finding and continuing work at the Kaminia cemetery.

    Corresponded with Ethel M. HunterKaminia cemetery excavationCatling 2020, p. 101

Karmi, Palaealonia Tomb 11B

Palealona (Karmi)

près du village de Karmi, Palaealona et Lapatsa

  • Directed excavationsJ. R. Stewart directed a campaign exploring the Bronze Age cemeteries at Palaealona and Lapatsa near Karmi.

    deux nécropoles de l'Age du BronzeKarageorghis 1962, p. 394

Vasilia-Kilistra

Vounorouthkia

  • FoundJ.R. Stewart found an RP(P) bowl sherd on the surface at Vounorouthkia.

    a sherd from a flat-based bowl of RP(P)Webb & Frankel 1999, p. 8

Fieldwork

  • RecordedMr. J. R. Stewart was the channel through which the expedition received support from the University of Sydney.

    With University of SydneyMitford & Iliffe 1951, p. 51

In the Archive

4 items

Letters by James Rivers Barrington Stewart

3 letters.

Browse them in the Enkomi, Schaeffer archive explorer →

James Rivers Barrington Stewart in the Archive

1 photograph of objects.

Photographs: Swedish Cyprus Expedition, Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm (CC0)

Browse them in the Swedish Cyprus Expedition explorer →

Connections

58 people
Vassos KarageorghisPorphyrios DikaiosClaude Frédéric-Armand Sc…George Basil PalmaBasil HennessyDorothy Evelyn Stewart (n…Petros KolokasidesOlof VessbergHarry LukeWalter BeasleyElektra MegawAlbert BaldwinCharles HydeEleanor StewartArthur Hubert Stanley Meg…Tryphon KoulermosRobert Stuart MerrilleesPaul ÅströmJennifer M. WebbDavid FrankelD. M. MetcalfVirginia Randolph GraceAnne-Elizabeth Dunn-VaturiArne FurumarkAlan John Bayard WaceEthel M. HunterA. W. LawrenceArthur Dale TrendallMary-Ann MeagherEinar Nilson GjerstadJohn Linton MyresRupert Forbes GunnisWilliam Flinders PetrieJ. S. LastSaul S. WeinbergChrysostomos ParaskevaAlexander CambitoglouDerek HowlettMax MallowanArthur J. SeltmanJames Rivers Barrington Stewart
Sales & giftsFamilyFieldworkScholarshipColleaguesThe 40 best-connected of 58 shown

Sales, gifts & bequests

Show 13 more

Fieldwork & employment

Show 2 more

Scholarship

Show 13 more

Colleagues & contacts

Show 23 more

Also: Dorothy Evelyn Stewart (née Dray), Einar Nilson Gjerstad, John J. Slocum, Judith Powell, Noel Wheeler, Vassos Karageorghis, Virginia Randolph Grace.

Recording and study

14 records
Catalogued2

  • 1962Stewart's finds from Vounous were analysed and classified in detail in 1962.

    all his finds from Vounous, classified by typologySwiny 1997, p. 322

  • Jim catalogued, drew and photographed pottery and bronzes excavated by Schaeffer at Vounous.

    pottery and bronzes excavated at VounousLouvrePowell 2013, p. 183

Published5

  • 1937James R. Stewart published an account of excavations at Vounous, Cyprus.

    Powell 2013, p. 300

  • 1939J. R. Stewart devoted a special article to Jar 164B:9.

    No. 164B:9Ross 1994, p. 15

  • 1940James R. Stewart published a study of three Cypriot Iron Age jugs in the Biblical Museum, Melbourne.

    Three jugs of the Cypriot Iron AgePowell 2013, p. 300

  • 1950Eleanor Stewart and James Stewart published the field report on the Vounous excavations.

    Vounous 1937–38 excavationsPowell 2013, p. 300

  • 1950Stewart's field report on the Vounous excavations was published in 1950.

    Swiny 1997, p. 322

Studied2

  • J.R. Stewart developed typologies for Early and Middle Bronze Age Cypriot pottery using excavated material.

    Lapithos-Vrysi tou Barba and Bellapais-VounousHerscher 1991, p. 45

  • J. Stewart was undertaking analysis of unusual materials from Feature 16.

    Kissonerga MylouthkiaPeltenburg 1980, p. 6

Employed by2
Surveyed1
Published material of1
Gave to1

Objects

Discussed in documents

Also named in

On Ancient Cyprus

2 pages

Sources

  1. 1.Judy Powell (2013). Love's Obsession: The Lives and Archaeology of Jim and Eve Stewart. Kent Town, South Australia, Wakefield Press.
  2. 2.Robert Stuart Merrillees (2014). “George Basil Palma, Chemist and Collector of Cypriote Antiquities in Famagusta, Cyprus, in the 20th Century A.D.”. Cahiers du Centre d'Études Chypriotes 44. Online
  3. 3.Craig Barker (2012). Aphrodite's Island: The Cypriot Collection of the Nicholson Museum. Sydney, Nicholson Museum, University of Sydney.
  4. 4.Craig Barker, Robert S. Merrillees (2017). “Cypriot Antiquities from the Cesnola Collections in the Nicholson Museum at the University of Sydney”. Mediterranean Archaeology 30, 51-71.
  5. 5.T. Kiely (2017). “Britain and the archaeology of Cyprus II: 1914 to the present day”. Cahiers du Centre d'Études Chypriotes 47, 253-310. Online
  6. 6.Eric M. Meyers (ed.) (1997). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. New York, Oxford University Press.
  7. 7.“James Stewart (1913-1962), Australian archaeologist”. Wikidata / GND. Online
  8. 8.“James Stewart (archaeologist)”. Wikipedia. Online
  9. 9.A. H. S. Megaw (1955). “Archaeology in Cyprus, 1955”. Archaeological Reports 2, 41-46. Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies.
  10. 10.P. Dikaios (1962). “Archaeology in Cyprus, 1959-61”. Archaeological Reports 8, 32-46. Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. Online
  11. 11.T. B. Mitford, J. H. Iliffe (1951). “Excavations at Kouklia (Old Paphos), Cyprus, 1950”. Antiquaries Journal 31, 51-66.
  12. 12.Lawrence E. Stager (ed.), Anita M. Walker (ed.) (1989). American Expedition to Idalion, Cyprus, 1973-1980. Chicago, Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  13. 13.Jennifer M. Webb, David Frankel, Zofia Anna Stos-Gale, Noel Gale (2006). “Early Bronze Age metal trade in the eastern Mediterranean: new compositional and lead isotope evidence from Cyprus”. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 25, 261-288. Online
  14. 14. (1939). “Fitzwilliam Museum online collection, GR.6c.1939 and 16 related records”. Fitzwilliam Museum.
  15. 15.“Manchester Museum records for Vounous Cemetery B Tomb 139 (e.g. 35202, 35196)”. Manchester Museum.
  16. 16.Stephen Bourke (2014). “J. Basil Hennessy AO (1925-2013)”. Levant 46, 1-3. Online
  17. 17.E. Stewart, J. R. Stewart (1950). Vounous 1937-38: Field-Report on the Excavations Sponsored by the British School of Archaeology at Athens. Lund, C. W. K. Gleerup.
  18. 18.P. Dikaios, J. R. Stewart (1962). The Stone Age and the Early Bronze Age in Cyprus. Lund.
  19. 19.J. Stewart (1937). “Excavations at Vounous, Cyprus”. Antiquity 11, 356.
  20. 20.A. D. Trendall, J. R. B. Stewart (1948). Handbook to the Nicholson Museum, 2nd ed.. Sydney, University of Sydney.
  21. 21.American Numismatic Society (1991). “ANS Newsletter, Winter 1991”. ANS Newsletter, leaf 9.
  22. 22.Baldwin's Auctions Ltd (n.d.). “Auction number 80: Ancient, British and world coins (Stavrokono Hoard lots)”. lots 2629, 2630, 2635.
  23. 23.Antiquity (1951). “Antiquity vol. 25 (nos. 97-100), note on the Vounous finds and Hyde's share”. Antiquity.
  24. 24.American Numismatic Society (1965). “Numismatic Literature 1964-1965 (obituary notice by Bertele, 1962)”.
  25. 25.Royal Anthropological Institute (1940). “Man vol. 40: note on three Cypriote jugs in the Biblical Museum, Melbourne (Myres)”. Man.
  26. 26.Allen Memorial Art Museum (1960). “Allen Memorial Art Museum Bulletin, Spring 1960, vol. 17 no. 3”. Allen Memorial Art Museum Bulletin.
  27. 27.International Numismatic Congress (11th, Brussels) (1991). “Actes du XIe Congrès international de numismatique”.
  28. 28.Exhibition of Cypriote Antiquities (1939). “Exhibition of Cypriote Antiquities (opening account)”. p. 465.
  29. 29.n.a. (2004). “An Early Bronze Age Shell Pendant from Cyprus”.
  30. 30. (1939). Nature, 21 January 1939, vol. 143, no. 3612: 'Recent Additions to the British Museum (Bloomsbury)'.
  31. 31. (2010). Baldwin's Auctions Ltd, Auction 65: The Strickland Neville Rolfe Collection ... (4-5 May 2010).
  32. 32. (2014). Baldwin's Auctions Ltd, Auction 91: World Coins from the Åke Lindén Collection ... Lusignan Coins of Cyprus (25 September 2014).
  33. 33.D. M. Metcalf (1991). “D. M. Metcalf, 'A New Catalogue of Crusader Coins: Problems and Strategies', in Actes du XIe Congrès international de numismatique, Brussels 1991”.
  34. 34.J. M. Webb, D. Frankel (1999). “Characterizing the Philia Facies: Material Culture, Chronology, and the Origin of the Bronze Age in Cyprus”. American Journal of Archaeology 103, 3-43.
  35. 35.“History of the Fitzwilliam Museum's Greek and Roman collection”. Journal of the History of Collections. Online
  36. 36.C. N. Constantinides, R. Browning (1993). Dated Greek Manuscripts from Cyprus to the Year 1570. Nicosia and Washington, D.C., Cyprus Research Centre; Dumbarton Oaks.
  37. 37.V. Karageorghis (1960). “Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1959”. Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 84.
  38. 38.V. Karageorghis (1998). “Cypriote Antiquities in Foreign Museums”. Cahiers du Centre d'Études Chypriotes 28, 118-119.
  39. 39.E. Markou (2019). “Les émissions monétaires des rois de Salamine à l'époque classique”. Salamis of Cyprus: History and Archaeology from the Earliest Times to Late Antiquity, 379-388. Münster.
  40. 40.S. Rogge (ed.), C. Ioannou (ed.), T. Mavrojannis (ed.) (2019). Salamis of Cyprus: History and Archaeology from the Earliest Times to Late Antiquity. Münster, Waxmann.
  41. 41.R. S. Merrillees (2007). “The ethnic implications of Tell el-Yahudiyeh Ware for the history of the Middle to Late Bronze Age in Cyprus”. Cahiers du Centre d'Études Chypriotes 37, 87-96. Online
  42. 42.Robert Stuart Merrillees (2008). “Cypriote Antiquities from Nicosia-Ayia Paraskevi acquired by the Melbourne Cyprus Expedition in 1955/56”. Cahiers du Centre d'Études Chypriotes 38, 63-70.
  43. 43.J. L. Myres (1951). “Review of Stewart, Vounous 1937-38”. Antiquity 25.
  44. 44.P. Dikaios (1940). “The Excavations at Vounous-Bellapais in Cyprus, 1931-2”. Archaeologia 88, 1-174.
  45. 45.P. Dikaios (1947). A Guide to the Cyprus Museum. Nicosia, Department of Antiquities.
  46. 46.P. Dikaios (1961). A Guide to the Cyprus Museum. Nicosia, Department of Antiquities.
  47. 47.V. Karageorghis (1969). The Ancient Civilization of Cyprus. New York, Cowles.
  48. 48.V. Karageorghis, E. Vassilika, P. Wilson (1999). The Art of Ancient Cyprus in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Nicosia, A. G. Leventis Foundation.
  49. 49.Anastasia Leriou, Giorgos Vavouranakis (2025). “Communicating archaeology in British-period Cyprus: from Ohnefalsch-Richter to Dikaios”. Empire & Excavation: Critical perspectives on archaeology in British-period Cyprus, 1878-1960. Sidestone Press.
  50. 50.S. S. Weinberg (1953). “Review of Vounous 1937-38 (Stewart and Stewart)”. American Journal of Archaeology 57, 29-.
  51. 51.Netice Yildiz (2018). “Vounous revisited: teaching history through a symposium and a ceramic workshop”. Arts & Humanities Open Access Journal 2, 79-91. Online
  52. 52.Anne-Elizabeth Dunn-Vaturi (2001). “Les fouilles de Claude Schaeffer à Vounous en 1933”. Cahiers du Centre d'Études Chypriotes 31. Online
  53. 53.Catherine Kearns (2013). “'On a clear day the Taurus Mountains hang like a cloud': On environmental thought in Cypriot archaeology”. J.R.B. Stewart: An Archaeological Legacy, 121-132. Uppsala, Åström Förlag.
  54. 54.S. Swiny (1997). “Vounous”. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East 5, 322-323. New York, Oxford University Press.
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  56. 56.F. G. Maier (2008). “Archaeology in Cyprus in the Fifties: Jean Bérard's work at Nea Paphos in context”. Cahiers du Centre d'Études Chypriotes 38, 53-62.
  57. 57.D. Frankel (1974). Middle Cypriot White Painted Pottery: An Analytical Study of the Decoration. Göteborg, Paul Åströms Förlag.
  58. 58.D. Michaelides (ed.), V. Kassianidou (ed.), R. S. Merrillees (ed.) (2009). Egypt and Cyprus in Antiquity: proceedings of the international conference, Nicosia, 3-6 April 2003. Oxford, Oxbow Books.
  59. 59.Robert Stuart Merrillees, Annie Caubet (2008). “In memoriam Paul Åström 1929-2008”. Cahiers du Centre d'Études Chypriotes 38, 9-12. Online
  60. 60.Michal Artzy, Ragna Stidsing, Yossi Salmon (2013). “Market strategy: Cypriot Bichrome Wheel-made ware for export”. J.R.B. Stewart: An Archaeological Legacy. Uppsala, Åströms Förlag.
  61. 61.J. Birmingham (ed.) (1973). The Cypriot Bronze Age: Some Recent Australian Contributions to the Prehistory of Cyprus. Sydney, Southwood.
  62. 62.R. S. Merrillees (1973). The Cypriot Bronze Age. 63-66.
  63. 63.H. W. Catling (2020). Kouklia: Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Tombs at Palaepaphos 1951-1954. Oxford, BAR Publishing.
  64. 64.Thomas W. Davis (2008). “What's in a Name: CAARI at 30”. Near Eastern Archaeology 71, 16-20.
  65. 65.David Frankel, Jennifer Webb (2004). “An Early Bronze Age Shell Pendant from Cyprus”. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 336, 1-9.
  66. 66.V. Grace (1940). “A Cypriote Tomb and Minoan Evidence for its Date”. American Journal of Archaeology 44, 10-52.
  67. 67.V. Tatton-Brown (ed.) (1989). Cyprus and the East Mediterranean in the Iron Age: Proceedings of the Seventh British Museum Classical Colloquium, April 1988. London, British Museum Publications.
  68. 68.J. M. Webb (2016). “Anthropomorphic figures from Middle Bronze Age Cyprus: Who or what do they represent?”. Iris: Journal of the Classical Association of Victoria 29.
  69. 69.D. K. Knox (2013). “Figurines and figurative vessels at Early Cypriot Bellapais Vounous”. J. R. B. Stewart: An Archaeological Legacy, 47-57. Uppsala.
  70. 70.Müge Hüseyin Şevketoğlu (1998). “Archaeological Field Survey of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic Settlement Sites in Kyrenia District, North Cyprus: Systematic Surface Collection and the Interpretation of Artefact Scatters”. PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh.
  71. 71.James F. Ross (1994). “The Vounous Jars Revisited”. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 296, 15-30.
  72. 72.A. H. S. Megaw (1957). “Archaeology in Cyprus, 1957”. Archaeological Reports 4, 43-50. Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies.
  73. 73.Paul Åström (2007). “White Painted V eye-pitchers in Cyprus and the Levant”. Cahiers du Centre d'Études Chypriotes 37, 97-114.
  74. 74.H. W. Catling, V. Karageorghis (1960). “Minoika in Cyprus”. Annual of the British School at Athens 55, 109-127.
  75. 75.H.W. Catling, J.A. MacGillivray (1983). “An Early Cypriot III Vase from the Palace at Knossos”. The Annual of the British School at Athens 78, 1-8.
  76. 76.M. Dikomitou (2012). “Ceramic production, distribution, and social interaction. An analytical approach to the study of Early and Middle Bronze Age pottery from Cyprus”. University College London.
  77. 77.E. Herscher (1991). “Beyond regionalism: Toward an islandwide Early and Middle Cypriot sequence”. Cypriot Ceramics: Reading the Prehistoric Record, 45-50.
  78. 78.G. C. Ioannides (ed.) (1992). Αφιέρωμα στο Βάσο Καραγιώργη / Studies in Honour of Vassos Karageorghis. Nicosia, Society of Cypriot Studies.
  79. 79.R. E. Jones (1986). Greek and Cypriot Pottery: A Review of Scientific Studies. Athens, British School at Athens.
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  81. 81.V. Karageorghis (1982). Cyprus: From the Stone Age to the Romans. London, Thames and Hudson.
  82. 82.I. Kehrberg (1982). “Early and Middle Cypriote Chronology Again”. Levant 14, 59-72.
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  90. 90.John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art collection online.
  91. 91.Press and Information Office, Republic of Cyprus, press release No. 9 of 10 February 1962, «Θάνατος διαπρεπούς Αρχαιολόγου».
  92. 92.Press and Information Office, Republic of Cyprus, press release No. 9 of 10 February 1962, «Death of famous Proffessor of Archaelogy».
  93. 93.Judy Powell, 2013, Love's Obsession: The Lives and Archaeology of Jim and Eve Stewart.
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  112. 112.Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.
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  117. 117.Collège de France, Paris, Fonds Claude Schaeffer (34 CDF), 34 CDF art. 188, «[Lettre de Schaeffer à Megaw à propos des fouilles à des poteries de Vounous]», 23 January 1956of 2. Online
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  180. 180.R. S. Merrillees, 2014, George Basil Palma, Chemist and Collector of Cypriote Antiquities in Famagusta, Cyprus, in the 20th Century A.D..
  181. 181.Merrillees 2014, George Basil Palma, Chemist and Collector, CCEC 44.
  182. 182.Allen Memorial Art Museum Bulletin Spring 1960: Vol 17 Iss 3.
  183. 183.R. S. Merrillees, 2014, George Basil Palma, Chemist and Collector of Cypriote Antiquities in Famagusta, Cyprus, in the 20th Century A.D., p. 417; 2006, Early Bronze Age metal trade in the eastern Mediterranean: new compositional and lead isotope evidence from Cyprus, p. 1; J. Powell, 2013, Love's Obsession: The Lives and Archaeology of Jim and Eve Stewart.
  184. 184.Annie Caubet; Robert Stuart Merrillees, Cahiers du Centre d'Etudes Chypriotes, Volume 44, 2014 (2014).
  185. 185.Powell, Love's Obsession (2013), pp. 2, 32, 95, 111, 141, 155, 194; index p. 'Colocassides, Petro'.
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  187. 187.R. S. Merrillees, 2007, The ethnic implications of Tell el-Yahudiyeh Ware for the history of the Middle to Late Bronze Age in Cyprus.
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  196. 196.Stewart and Stewart, Vounous 1937-38: Field-Report on the Excavations Sponsored by the British School of Archaeology at Athens, 1950.
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  198. 198.E. Herscher, 1995, Archaeology in Cyprus; Judith Powell, 2013, Love's Obsession: The Lives and Archaeology of Jim and Eve Stewart.
  199. 199.Robert Stuart Merrillees, 3. Cyriote Antiquities from Nicosia-Ayia Paraskevi acquired by the Melbourne Cyprus Expedition in 1955/56 (2008).
  200. 200.International Numismatic Congress (11th : 1991: Brussels), Actes du XIe Congrès international de numismatique : organisé à l'occasion du 150e anniversaire de la Société royale de numismatique de Belgique : Bruxelles, 8-.
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  202. 202.N. Stanley-Price, 2025, Illicit excavation and the sale of 'duplicate' antiquities: Rupert Gunnis and the Cyprus Museum, 1926-1932, Cahiers du Centre d'Études Chypriotes 55.
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  215. 215.The Oxford Classical Dictionary (1999).
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  217. 217.R. S. Merrillees, Trade and Transcendence in the Bronze Age Levant: Three Studies (1974).
  218. 218.The archaeology of somewhere-else: A brief survey of Classical and Near Eastern archaeoloay in Australia (2000).
  219. 219.Metcalf, D. M., Coinage of the Crusades and the Latin East in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (1983).
  220. 220.Diane Bolger; Nancy Serwint, Engendering Aphrodite: Women and Society in Ancient Cyprus (2002).
  221. 221.The Royal Anthropological Institute, Man A Monthly Record Of Anthropological Science Vol.40 (articles 1-230) (1940).
  222. 222.An Early Bronze Age Shell Pendant from Cyprus (2004).
  223. 223.The American Numismatic Society Newsletter : Winter 1991 (1979).
  224. 224.American Numismatic Society, ANS Newsletter Winter 1991 (1991).
  225. 225.Marguerite Yon, Review of Ann-Elizabeth Dunn-Vaturi, Vounous. C. F.-A. Schaeffer's Excavations in 1933: Tombs 47-79, SIMA 130, 2003 (2004).
  226. 226.Eric M. Meyers; William G. Dever; Carol L. Meyers; James D. Muhly; Dennis Pardee; James A. Sauer, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East (1997).
  227. 227.American Journal of Archaeology 1953: Vol 57 Table of Contents (1953).
  228. 228.Catherine Kearns, 2013, 'On a clear day the Taurus Mountains hang like a cloud': On environmental thought in Cypriot archaeology.
  229. 229.V. Tatton-Brown, 1989, Cyprus and the East Mediterranean in the Iron Age: Proceedings of the Seventh British Museum Classical Colloquium, April 1988.
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  237. 237.David Frankel et al., 2004, An Early Bronze Age Shell Pendant from Cyprus.
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