ExcavationForeign missions

Enkomi: the French Mission

Name: Enkomi: the French Mission
Start: 1934
End: 1974

1934–1974 · Enkomi

Also known as Mission archéologique française d'Enkomi-Alasia; French Archaeological Expedition to Enkomi

Claude Schaeffer's French mission at Enkomi, 1934 and 1946 to 1974: it showed that the Late Bronze Age site was a walled town with tombs under its houses, and found the Ingot God in 1963.

Map of Cyprus

Where the work took place

Ground above 200, 500, 1,000 m

Site

1Enkomi

Modern coastline (OpenStreetMap) and relief (Copernicus DEM).

The project

In 1934 Claude F. A. Schaeffer showed that Enkomi was a Late Bronze Age city whose dead were buried under the houses, and not the necropolis that the British Museum excavations of 1896 and the Swedish Cyprus Expedition of 1930 had taken it to be^1,2. Karageorghis calls the discovery sensational and adds that for the first time a whole Late Bronze Age city was available for excavation and study¹. Gjerstad later admitted that he had been blind to it².

1934 and the return in 1946

Schaeffer dug in 1934 for the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres³. The season found the first 'Maison des Bronzes', with a hoard of utensils and a large circular bronze table on looped feet, as well as Mycenaean-period houses and a hematite cylinder seal^4,5. Crewe writes that Schaeffer's goal was to find a parallel to Ugarit on the Syrian coast and that he went to Enkomi with preconceived notions and the intention of tying the site to mainland chronologies⁶. According to Gjerstad, his experience at Ugarit, where the dead were buried in the settlement, probably freed him from the idea that similar customs were unthinkable at Enkomi².

Schaeffer could not return between 1934 and 1946. Digging resumed then for the CNRS, and the Cyclopean town wall was traced from 1946 to 1947^6,7. From 1948 the Department of Antiquities excavations under Dikaios ran beside the French work, in separate areas and at different times of year, with the same foremen and workforce⁶.

Streets, walls and Building 18

In an autumn campaign in 1953 large sections of the west town wall were laid bare. Trial trenches traced the street layout, with seven east-west streets crossed by one north-south street, and the French and Cypriot areas began to be linked⁸. In autumn 1954 the west wall was followed round the whole perimeter except the east; a dog-leg gate was uncovered, and twelfth- and eleventh-century pottery lay against the outer face⁹. Courtois's synthesis describes a strictly geometric town of 24 quarters, with east-west streets exactly 33 m apart linked by one north-south artery, and a Cyclopean wall of two stages in the thirteenth century^5,9.

Building 18, the 'Achaean Residence' in Quarter 5 West, has an ashlar facade more than 40 m long on Rue 5. Schaeffer recognised in it the sudden introduction of fine ashlar construction, since seen at Kition, Hala Sultan Tekke and Palaipaphos⁵. A bronze statuette of a banqueting god from the building is in the Louvre (AM 2190–2191)¹⁰. In 1950 Schaeffer had investigated an ashlar building and found re-use after a twelfth-century fire and two seated bronze statuettes, one on a throne¹¹. In 1957 the clearance of Building 18 and the structures behind it as far as the next street turned up two intact chamber tombs, one with Middle Cypriot pottery and Tell el-Yahudiyeh ware and the other with fourteenth-century burials, small Mycenaean vases and a polychrome faience cup¹².

The campaigns of the 1960s

In 1958 the season was smaller and mostly given to archaeomagnetic prospection at various points of the site by J. Aitken of Oxford, described as a new method for detecting antiquities in the subsoil¹³. In 1959 Schaeffer found new buildings of the fourteenth to thirteenth centuries along the main north-south street and believed he had found the site of the Royal Palace of Alasia¹⁴. In 1961 the northern quarter yielded industrial installations, mostly for copper, bronze and iron working, and the south successive sanctuaries and a burnt court with Close Style Mycenaean pottery¹⁵. In 1962 the north quarter confirmed specialised metalworking and textile workshops, and a Cypro-Geometric sanctuary hall yielded 26 bull skulls¹⁶.

On 4 October 1963, in the sixteenth campaign, a 35 cm bronze god standing on an oxhide-shaped ingot was found in the sanctuary of the Ingot God¹⁷. The team that autumn included J.-C. Courtois and J. Lagarce, with W. Johnstone and R. Tamassia as specialists¹⁷. Between 1961 and 1965 the mission found the sanctuary in Quarter 5 East, and Courtois was in charge of its excavation and of its publication in Alasia I (1971)^5,18. In 1965 two further ashlar chamber tombs (1394, 1409) and tholos 1432 were recorded, and a large section of the west enclosure and the gate was explored over 80 m^19,20. Three built ashlar tombs (1322, 1394 and 1409) lay under Late Bronze Age II houses in Quarter 4E, as at Ugarit²⁰.

Copper-smelting and bronze workshops, with stone moulds for axes, sickles and spearheads, were found in the north quarter and in Quarters 4 and 5 East; one armourer's hoard of bronzes thrown into a well included a bronze cult cart⁵.

The last campaigns

The twenty-first campaign, in October and November 1970, still ran under Schaeffer as general director. Olivier Pelon examined two dome-vaulted tombs in the town centre, J. Lagarce wells and cisterns, and M. and Mme Lagarce an industrial quarter at the end of the fifth east-west street, with kilns, bronze workshops and forges. Courtois dug post-Mycenaean houses with four habitation levels²¹. Pelon directed the campaign of 15 March to 10 April 1971 and another in September 1972, which concentrated on Quarter 4 West and Rue 5^22,23. The Oxford Encyclopedia entry gives Pelon's direction as 1971 to 1973 and says the 1974 war put an end to field research²⁴; Lagarce and Kassianidou date the end of the mission's digging to the Turkish invasion of 1974, after which Enkomi has lain in the area occupied by Turkey^24,25.

Dating and the finds

Courtois places Enkomi's foundation in Middle Cypriot III, in the seventeenth century BCE⁵. Crewe reports that Schaeffer identified two Middle Cypriot occupation levels sealed by a destruction layer he dated between 1900 and 1700 BCE, earlier than Dikaios's dates, and that Åström disputed this; she adds that it is generally held that Schaeffer misinterpreted the chronology and that his stratigraphy is uncertain, citing Ionas, Iacovou and Kling⁶. Lagarce writes that Schaeffer dated the shift to ashlar well before the end of the thirteenth century, whereas Dikaios put it at the start of his phase III, after c. 1200, and that recent finds at Kition and Kalavasos have mainly confirmed Schaeffer²⁴. Dussaud and Schaeffer identified Enkomi with Alashiya, a view Lagarce says is generally rejected pending new textual evidence²⁴.

Under the French law of sharing finds, Enkomi material went to the Louvre, which holds Mycenaean pottery and bronze objects, and to the Musée des Antiquités nationales at Saint-Germain-en-Laye^10,26. About ten vases from the 1949 dig are registered in the Musée National de Beyrouth as a gift of Schaeffer in 1958²⁷. Apart from artefacts in the Cyprus Museum, almost all of the metallurgical assemblage was in the mission storerooms at Enkomi; Kassianidou records that they and their contents have been unlocated since the invasion of 1974²⁵. Crewe adds that some material remained in Famagusta and is now lost, and that many sherds were discarded in pot dumps⁶. The results are published in the Alasia volumes, from Alasia I in 1971 to Alasia IV in 1985^5,28.

Directors and team

Directed by

Claude F. A. Schaeffer1934–1970
Olivier Pelon1971–1973
Jacques-Claude Courtois (sector director)1962–1972
Jacques Lagarce (sector director)1962–1972

Team

Institutions

Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-LettresSponsor
CNRSSponsor
Commission des fouilles (Ministère des Affaires étrangères)Sponsor
Mission archéologique française d'Enkomi-AlasiaSponsor
misión francesaPartner

Seasons

18 seasons

1950
French campaign of the joint expedition: grid street plan emerging, new town-wall section; investigated the ashlar building, finding evidence of reuse after a fire in the 12th century and two seated bronze statuettes, one on a throne.
Directed by C. F. A. Schaeffer[30]
1953
Large sections of the west town wall laid bare; street grid traced in trial trenches (seven east-west streets 32 m apart, one north-south street); linking of earlier areas; a building yielded two votive ingots with Cypro-Minoan dedications and a Syrian deity figurine; third Enkomi tablet fragment found in surface soil.
Directed by C. F. A. Schaeffer[16]
1954
Autumn season tracing the west town wall, now traced throughout the perimeter except the east; boulder substructure with mud-brick; a dog-leg gate found; 12th-11th c. pottery against its outer face.
Directed by C. F. A. Schaeffer[34]
1955
New important public building of fine construction: main chamber with broad vestibule, low rectangular plinth on a massive foundation block, two column drums, white-earth floors; Hellenistic pottery from a well in the room.
Directed by C. F. A. Schaeffer[36]
1957
Clearance of the building facing an east-west street and rooms behind it to the next street: ashlar and rubble rebuilding after destruction by fire c. 1200 BC, then earthquake and last rebuilding before abandonment in the 11th c.; two intact chamber tombs, one with Middle Cypriot pottery and Tell el-Yahudiyeh ware, the other with 14th-c. burials, small Mycenaean vases and a polychrome faience cup.
Directed by C. F. A. Schaeffer[37]
1958
Smaller 1958 season; mostly archaeomagnetic prospection at various points on the site by J. Aitken of Oxford. Schaeffer had not yet published an account.
Directed by C. F. A. Schaeffer[38]
1959
New campaign directed by C. F. A. Schaeffer: new 14th-13th c. buildings along the main street, rock-cut tombs (all but one MBA, c. 1750, looted), scarabs, Cypro-Minoan clay balls, cult objects, seated bronze god; the 1958 fertility sanctuary fully cleared (limestone crescent); at the end a huge paved area over 100 m2 taken as the Royal Palace of Alasia. Schaeffer continued regularly for the CNRS (details by season in the Late Bronze Age section). More buildings along the north-south street; 12th-c. scarabs and a bronze statuette of a seated god with a cup; sanctuary of the fertility cult completed; a 100 sq m slab-paved area, perhaps a court.
Directed by C. F. A. Schaeffer[27], [39]
1960
Thirteenth campaign on the Late Bronze Age town: a 14th-13th c. BC residential quarter cleared along the main north-south street, tombs under houses plundered; fine cylinder seals including three Syrian hematite ones; a large ashlar building near the 1959 pavement; first traces of pre-Late Bronze Age building. Part of an important ashlar building; LC II buildings and pre-LC remains; haematite cylinder seals including Baal and a chariot hunt with potnia theron.
Directed by C. F. A. Schaeffer[27], [40]
1961November 1961 (autumn)
Autumn campaign in two quarters: north quarter had industrial installations with terracotta pipes and basins for copper, bronze and iron working, with Middle Bronze Age buildings beneath Late Bronze Age levels; south quarter had successive sanctuaries, Close Style Mycenaean pottery, Cypro-Minoan clay balls, bull figurines, terracotta masks, seals and goldsmiths' workshops. Copper-smelting workshops of various LC stages over MC remains in the north; several cult places in the south including a burnt court with Close Style Mycenaean pottery, figurines, bull statuettes and masks, evidence for the Sea Peoples, gold- and silversmiths' workshops.
Directed by C. F. A. Schaeffer[27], [41]
1962November-December 1962
Fifteenth campaign, November-December 1962, in three quarters: industrial metal and textile workshops in the north quarter with LC I to Mycenaean IIIC:1 levels; a new Cypro-Geometric I sanctuary with a hall over 10 m long, two-headed centaur figurines, 26 bull skulls and a Cypro-Minoan inscribed snake pithos.
Directed by C. F. A. Schaeffer[46]
1963autumn 1963
Completion of the Cypriot Iron Age I sanctuary: great courtyard 16.5 x 10 m with two monolithic altars, sacrificial bull skulls, wavy-line pottery, Canaanite jars, bicephalic centaur idols; beehive tomb of LC; silver bowl with Cypro-Minoan signs; four inscribed clay balls. Discovery on 4 October of a 35 cm bronze horned-helmet warrior god standing on an oxhide ingot, hidden in the cella of a 12th-century BCE sanctuary; context of c. 100 bull skulls.
Directed by C. F. A. Schaeffer[47]
1965spring and autumn 1965 (tombs found October)
West enclosure and gate area: Cypriot Iron Age I street and Late Cypriot III levels, cyclopean wall dated after the 13th century; two new ashlar tomb chambers (1394, 1409) in the artisans' quarter, tholos tomb 1432, two Middle Cypriot levels, and the sanctuary of the Ingot God completed.
Directed by C. F.-A. Schaeffer[49]
1966September-November 1966
North quarter pits and plundered tombs cleared (Late Cypriot III/Cypro-Iron I painted pottery, Dodecanesian-style kalathos, Cypro-Minoan signs on a vessel support); west rampart and gate examined with casemates and bronze sling bullets; Iron Age houses in the centre with weights, knives, a copper ingot and seals.
Directed by C. F. A. Schaeffer[48]
1967autumn 1967
Nineteenth campaign on the Late Bronze Age town; results promised for the 1968 Chronique. Iron Age I houses and a ring road east of the west gate; rich bronze finds in the north; an intact LC IA rock-cut tomb; a Cypro-Minoan inscribed clay cylinder of 27 lines (c. 200 signs), inscribed triangular weight, inscribed gilt bronze anvil; a burial of three wild boar; a hoard of four Naue II type swords and a bronze four-wheeled cult cart with bull, from a pit of early Iron Age I.
Directed by C. F. A. Schaeffer[54], [55]
1969November to early December 1969
Twentieth season in three areas of the NW town: four superposed levels, early Iron Age reuse of Late Bronze Age houses by bronzesmiths, evidence for earthquake rather than invasion; a new large ashlar house in the south with a Cypro-Minoan tablet fragment; over fifty inscribed clay balls; and the cult cart of bronzes from the 1967 well restored at Mainz.
Directed by C. F. A. Schaeffer[57]
1970October-November 1970
Two dome-vaulted tombs in the town centre; wells and cisterns; a post-Mycenaean industrial quarter with potters' kilns, bronze workshops and forges; a building with timber-columned entrance and a gargoyle with late Cypro-Minoan signs; four phases of 12th-century houses, a cache with four swords; Schaeffer argued for Sea Peoples settlement.
Directed by C. F. A. Schaeffer[61]
197115 March-10 April 1971
Courtois stratified the 33 x 14 m area east of the built Syrian-type tombs (MC III to Iron Age, a sump, inscribed clay ball); Pelon cleaned those tombs and opened Quarter 4W with an ashlar building; the Lagarces continued Rue 5 (potter's shop, clay mask, crucibles); Johnstone finished the brick tholos study.
Directed by O. Pelon[62]
1972September 1972
Quartier 4 W: first-phase walls, a robbed early LC rock-cut tomb, a building with orthostate-like facade, an ivory duck head, a 12th-century house with rare mudbrick floor, and two bronze scale-armour plates new to Cyprus. Rue 5: workshops in mudbrick, an iron knife, a clay ball with Cypro-Minoan signs and a pit burial.
Directed by O. Pelon[63]

What was found

Periods

Features and finds

town wall; ashlar building; street grid; ingots; dog-leg gate; public building; plinth; Building 18; two chamber tombs; main street; fertility sanctuary; paved area (palace?); tombs; main N-S street; cylinder seals; metalworking quarter; south-quarter sanctuaries; goldsmith workshops; north quarter workshops; Cypro-Geometric I sanctuary; two-headed centaur figurines; 26 bull skulls; Cypro-Minoan inscribed pithos; Iron Age I sanctuary; beehive tomb; monolithic altars; bronze ingot god; West Gate; cyclopean wall; Sanctuary of the Ingot God; ashlar tombs; North quarter pits; West rampart and gate; Building 181 area; casemates; clay cylinder inv. 19.10; bronze anvil inv. 19.26; four-wheeled bronze cult cart; Tomb of LC IA; Cypro-Minoan tablet fragment; inscribed clay balls; bronze cult cart; domed tombs; wells and cisterns; industrial quarter; swords cache; Quarter 4E; Quarter 4W; Rue 5; built tombs of Syrian type; brick tholos; Ashlar Building; orthostate facade; quartier 4 W; rue 5.

Tombs

Tomb 1394, Tomb 1409, Tomb 1432

Publications

20 items

Annual reports of the Department of Antiquities

Chronique des fouilles (Bulletin de correspondance hellénique)

Other fieldwork at Enkomi · 7

References

1.Vassos Karageorghis, 1969, The Ancient Civilization of Cyprus.
2.E. Gjerstad, 1980, Ages and Days in Cyprus.
3.Ch. Picard, 1935, L'archéologie suédoise à Chypre.
4.R. D., 1935, Note on Schaeffer's Cyprus excavations, Syria 16.
5.Jacques-Claude Courtois, 1984, Enkomi-Alasia, un des principaux sites de l'Âge du Bronze récent chypriote (1650–1100 av. J.-C.), Cahiers du Centre d'Études Chypriotes 1.
6.Lindy Crewe, 2007, Early Enkomi: Regionalism, Trade and Society at the Beginning of the Late Bronze Age on Cyprus.
7.Veronica Tatton-Brown, 2003, Enkomi: The Notebook in the British Museum, Cahiers du Centre d'Études Chypriotes 33.
8.A. H. S. Megaw, 1954, Archaeology in Cyprus, 1953, Journal of Hellenic Studies 74.
9.A. H. S. Megaw, 1954, Archaeology in Cyprus, 1954, Archaeological Reports.
10.Annie Caubet, 1993, Les antiquités chypriotes au Musée du Louvre.
11.A. H. S. Megaw, 1951, Archaeology in Cyprus, 1949–1950, Archaeological Reports.
12.A. H. S. Megaw, 1957, Archaeology in Cyprus, 1957, Archaeological Reports.
13.V. Karageorghis, 1959, Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1958, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique.
14.V. Karageorghis, 1960, Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1959, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique.
15.V. Karageorghis, 1962, Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1961, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique.
16.V. Karageorghis, 1963, Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1962, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique.
17.V. Karageorghis, 1964, Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1963, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique.
18.Jacques Lagarce, 1991, Jacques-Claude Courtois, Cahiers du Centre d'Études Chypriotes 15.
19.V. Karageorghis, 1966, Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1965, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique.
20.Marguerite Yon, 2007, « Au roi d'Alasia, mon père... », Cahiers du Centre d'Études Chypriotes 37.
21.V. Karageorghis, 1971, Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1970, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique.
22.V. Karageorghis, 1972, Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1971, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique.
23.V. Karageorghis, 1973, Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1972, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique.
24.Jacques Lagarce (entry 'Enkomi'), 1997, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 2.
25.2016, Metallurgy and metalwork at Enkomi: revisiting Porphyrios Dikaios' excavations.
26.Annie Caubet, 2012, Les collections d'antiquités chypriotes au musée du Louvre, Cahiers du Centre d'Études Chypriotes 42.
27.A.-E. Dunn-Vaturi, 2007, Le récolement des antiquités chypriotes dans les collections françaises. Nouvelles perspectives vingt ans après le catalogue d'Antoinette Decaudin, Cahiers du Centre d'Études Chypriotes.
28.Annie Caubet, 2015, In Memoriam : Élisabeth Lagarce (1941–2015), Cahiers du Centre d'Études Chypriotes 45.

Sources

1.Jean Pouilloux à Salamine de Chypre, p. 19.
2.Les collections d'antiquités chypriotes au musée du Louvre, p. 146.
3.Les antiquités chypriotes au Musée du Louvre.
4.Love's Obsession: The Lives and Archaeology of Jim and Eve Stewart.
5.Mortuary Ritual and Society in Bronze Age Cyprus, p. 25; p. 127.
6.Enkomi: The Notebook in the British Museum, p. 10.
7.L'archéologie suédoise à Chypre, p. 242.
8.Art antique de Chypre au Musée du Louvre: du Chalcolithique à l'époque romaine, p. 37; p. 50; p. 54; p. 55; p. 31.
9.Review of M. Melas, Potidaion Karpathou (New York: Poseidon Benevolent Society of Karpathos, 1991) and J. Yon (ed.), Kinyras (1993), p. 229.
10.Greek and Cypriot Pottery: A Review of Scientific Studies, p. 574.
11.The ethnic implications of Tell el-Yahudiyeh Ware for the history of the Middle to Late Bronze Age in Cyprus, p. 90.
12.Early Enkomi: Regionalism, Trade and Society at the Beginning of the Late Bronze Age on Cyprus, p. 71.
13.Cyprus (Blue Guides), p. 183.
14.A New Inscribed Clay Tablet from Enkomi, p. 40.
15.Enkomi in Cyprus, p. 1.
16.Archaeology in Cyprus, 1953, p. 172; p. 1.
17.Kouklia: Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Tombs at Palaepaphos 1951–1954, p. 182; p. 189.
18.The Aegean and Cyprus: Interaction Between Two Distinct Cultural Mediterranean Areas from the Third Millennium to ca. 1200 BC, p. 238.
19.Ages and Days in Cyprus, p. 70.
20.The end of the Bronze Age at Enkomi, Cyprus: the problem of Level III B, p. 125.
21.Use and Appreciation of Mycenaean Pottery in the Levant, Cyprus and Italy (1600–1200 BC), p. 129.
22.Communicating archaeology in British-period Cyprus: from Ohnefalsch-Richter to Dikaios.
23.Enkomi, p. 166; p. 169; p. 177.
24.Enkomi-Alasia, un des principaux sites de l'Âge du Bronze récent chypriote (1650–1100 av. J.-C.), p. 28; p. 29.
25.A Guide to the Cyprus Museum, p. xi.
26.A Guide to the Cyprus Museum, p. xi.
27.Archaeology in Cyprus, 1959–61, p. 32; p. 2; p. 3; p. 33.
28.The Ancient Civilization of Cyprus, p. 136.
29.Review of C. F. A. Schaeffer, Enkomi-Alasia I, p. 83.
30.Archaeology in Cyprus, 1949–1950, p. 2.
31.Le récolement des antiquités chypriotes dans les collections françaises. Nouvelles perspectives vingt ans après le catalogue d'Antoinette Decaudin, p. 79.
32.Introduction: Jean Bérard et l'archéologie à Chypre dans les années 1950, p. 25.
33.Archaeology in Cyprus, 1952.
34.Archaeology in Cyprus, 1954, p. 2; p. 28.
35.Archaeology in Cyprus, p. 294.
36.Archaeology in Cyprus, 1955, p. 3; p. 42.
37.Archaeology in Cyprus, 1957, p. 3; p. 43.
38.Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1958, p. 14; p. 348.
39.Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1959, p. 281; pp. 41–43.
40.Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1960, p. 300; pp. 46–47.
41.Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1961, p. 395; pp. 70–71.
42.Αφιέρωμα στο Βάσο Καραγιώργη / Studies in Honour of Vassos Karageorghis, p. 151; p. 155.
43.Cyprus in the 19th Century AD: Fact, Fancy and Fiction.
44.The Development of the Fibula in Cyprus and the Levant, p. 85; p. 84.
45.In memoriam Hans-Günther Buchholz, p. 11.
46.Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1962, pp. 48–51; p. 48; p. 370.
47.Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1963, p. 353; pp. 67–69; pp. 66–69.
48.Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1966, p. 314; p. 41.
49.Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1965, p. 342; pp. 47–50.
50.Archaeology in Cyprus, 1961–66, p. 29; p. 30.
51.Kition: Mycenaean and Phoenician Discoveries in Cyprus, p. 74.
52.View from the Bronze Age: Mycenaean and Phoenician Discoveries at Kition, p. 74.
53.An Archaic Vault in Tomb 3 of Salamis: Architecture, Function and Symbolism, p. 165.
54.Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1967, p. 53.
55.Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1968, pp. 83–88.
56.Ugarit, Zypern und Ägäis: Kulturbeziehungen im zweiten Jahrtausend v.Chr., p. 536; p. viii.
57.Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1969, p. 193; pp. 56–62; p. 191.
58.Archaeology in Cyprus, 1966–69, p. 42.
59.In Memoriam : Élisabeth Lagarce (1941–2015), p. 12; p. 13; p. 11.
60.Toward a Decipherment of Cypro-Minoan, p. 295.
61.Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1970, pp. 41–44; p. 375.
62.Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1971, pp. 51–55; p. 1054.
63.Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1972, p. 648; pp. 46–49; p. 645.
64.Archaeology in Cyprus, 1969–76, p. 41.
65.Archaeological News from Cyprus, 1972, p. 427.
66.Seven uncollected Cypro-Minoan inscriptions, p. 113.
67.Jacques-Claude Courtois, p. 4; p. 3.
68.Some thoughts on the Late Bronze Age in Cyprus, p. 10.
69.Cyprus during the transition from the Bronze to the Iron Age: the evidence of foreign contacts in Proto White Painted - White Painted I pottery contexts, p. 66; p. 140; p. 58.
70.Première mission à Salamine, 1964, p. 26.
71.Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck, p. 164.
72.Cypro-Minoan Inscriptions from Bamboula, Kourion: General Remarks and New Documents, p. 150.
73.En senmykensk pithos från Cypern, p. 95.
74.Cultural Innovations in Cyprus Relating to the Sea Peoples, p. 266.
75.Writing and Society in Ancient Cyprus, p. 14.
76.The Topographical History of Enkomi, Salamis, and Famagusta, p. 69; p. 70.
77.Oxhide Ingots, Copper Production, and the Mediterranean Trade in Copper and Other Metals in the Bronze Age, p. 273.
78.Contexts in the discovery of White Slip I and the Thera controversy, p. 97.
79.A possible case for the practice of abandonment during the Late Cypriot and Cypro-Geometric periods, p. 38.
80.Note on Schaeffer's Cyprus excavations, p. 225.
81.Chipre: encrucijada del Mediterráneo oriental 1600–500 a.C., p. 99.
82.From Bronze to Iron: The Transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in the Eastern Mediterranean, p. 62.
83.The Philistines and Their Material Culture, p. 155; p. 154.
84.The Aegean Sea Peoples and Religious Architecture in the Eastern Mediterranean at the Close of the Late Bronze Age, p. 61.
85.The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment, p. 266.
86.Archaeological News from Cyprus, 1967, p. 372.
87.Archaeological News from Cyprus, 1969, p. 393.
88.Archaeological News from Cyprus, 1970, p. 312.
89.Ideology, Archaeology and Polity, p. 133.
90.Cypro-Minoan and Its Writers: At Home and Overseas, p. 36.
91.Bronze Age Archaeometallurgy of the Mediterranean: The Impact of Lead Isotope Studies, p. 186.
92.The Archaeology of Cyprus: Recent Developments, p. 11.
93.Theme and style in Cypriot wooden roller impressions, p. 363.
94.La colonisation grecque de Chypre et la date de la guerre de Troie (article inédit), p. 74.
95.Destruction by fire and its effect on settlement patterns on Cyprus during the 'crisis years': a view from the Levant, p. 100.
96.The Cypriot Bronze Age, p. 50.
97.Settlement, sanctuary and cemetery in Bronze Age Cyprus, p. 50.